19 July 2025
1. Borrowings / Loans Bank Loans: Term loans or working capital loans from banks. Financial Institutions: Loans or credit facilities from NBFCs, SIDBI, etc. Debentures / Bonds: Company issues debt securities to investors and pays interest. Inter-corporate Loans: Borrowing from other companies. Loan from Directors/Promoters: Funds lent by company’s own directors or promoters. 2. Retained Earnings / Internal Accruals Profits kept in the company instead of being distributed as dividends. Used to finance growth or new projects. 3. Trade Credit Delayed payments to suppliers, effectively interest-free short-term financing. 4. Lease Financing Acquiring assets by leasing rather than buying outright. Saves upfront capital expenditure. 5. Grants and Subsidies Funds or incentives provided by government bodies or agencies for specific projects. 6. Factoring and Invoice Discounting Selling receivables or invoices to a financial institution to get immediate cash. 7. Convertible Securities Debt or preference shares convertible into equity at a later stage.