Introduction
The Income Tax Act, 1961, lays down a comprehensive mechanism for assessing an individual's or entities taxable income and determining their corresponding tax liability. Such mechanism is known as assessment, which serves as the core function of tax administration in India. The assessment process ensures voluntary compliance by taxpayers is verified, and any discrepancies are addressed by the Income Tax Department.
Broadly, the Act provides following types of Assessments:
- Summary Assessment[Section 143(1)]: A preliminary, system-driven check for mathematical errors, inconsistencies, and TDS mismatches. It does not involve human intervention and is processed by the Centralized Processing Centre (CPC).
- Scrutiny Assessment [Section 143(3)]: A detailed examination of return details by the Assessing Officer (AO) when the return is selected based on risk parameters or random sampling. This involves deeper inquiry and documentary evidence.
- Best Judgment Assessment [Section 144]: Carried out when the assessee fails to file a return or does not comply with notices. The AO uses available data to determine income and tax liability.
- Reassessment / Income Escaping Assessment [Sections 147-148]: Conducted when the AO has reason to believe that certain income has escaped earlier assessment.
- Search/Block Assessment [Sections 153A/153C]: Triggered during a search or seizure action, enabling assessment or reassessment for six preceding years along with the current year.
With rising tax volumes and evolving technology, traditional assessments were often seen as time-consuming and discretionary. To address this, the Government introduced the Faceless Assessment and Appeal Scheme in Budget 2019, aiming to enhance transparency, reduce interface, and improve efficiency.
This paper explores its legal framework, mechanism, key challenges, and future potential.
Evolution of Tax Assessments in India
India's income tax regime has evolved significantly since the enactment of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Initially, assessments were conducted entirely through physical interaction between the taxpayer and the Assessing Officer (AO), often leading to delays, inefficiencies, and allegations of corruption or misuse of discretionary powers.
Such Physical Assessments has many drawbacks like:
- Excessive litigation and procedural delays
- Inconsistent decision-making due to human discretion
- Lack of transparency and audit trail
In order to resolve such issues, Government has took various reforms.
The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) initiated e-governance projects such as:
- Online return filing (e-Filing portal)
Centralized Processing Centre (CPC) for 143(1) processing
Computer-Aided Scrutiny Selection (CASS)
E-proceedings under the Income Tax Business Application (ITBA)
However, a major transformation came through the Budget 2019, when the Hon'ble Finance Minister announced the intent to introduce a "faceless and jurisdiction-less" assessment system to end the "human interface" in tax assessments
This vision was materialized with the introduction of Section 144B via the Finance Act, 2020, which laid down the legal backbone for the Faceless Assessment Scheme.
Click Here To Know Legal Framework of Faceless Assessments & Appeals.
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