unlike earlier co.s act, applicability of articles is uniform across all companies.. so, whether public or private, if articles provide a particular way of appointing director then it shall be followed.. normally such process are provided in JVs.. however, such process can't override provisions of the act.. act provides for four years ways of appointing a director: 1. by a provision in articles (ex: first directors are appointed via articles only). 2. by board of directors (ex: additional director). 3. by shareholders (ex: directly appointing a person as director in a general meeting). 4. by Central government (in extreme cases).