Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Section - 1 - Short title, extent and commencement

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Section - 2 - [Repeal of enactments—Repealed]

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Section - 3 - Interpretation clause

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Section - 4 - "May presume"

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Section - 5 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts

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Section - 6 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction

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Section - 7 - Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue

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Section - 8 - Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct

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Section - 9 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts

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Section - 10 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design

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Section - 11 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant

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Section - 12 - In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant

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Section - 13 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question

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Section - 14 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling

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Section - 15 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional

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Section - 16 - Existence of course of business when relevant

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Section - 17 - Admission defined

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Section - 18 - Admission by party to proceeding or his agent; by suitor in representative character; by party interested in subject-matter; by person from whom interest derived

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Section - 19 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit

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Section - 20 - Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit

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Section - 21 - Proof of admissions against persons making them, and by or on their behalf

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Section - 22 - When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant

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Section - 22A - When oral admission as to contents of electronic records are relevant

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Section - 23 - Admissions in civil cases, when relevant

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Section - 24 - Confession caused by inducement, threat or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding

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Section - 25 - Confession to police officer not to be proved

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Section - 26 - Confession by accused while in custody of police not to be proved against him

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Section - 27 - How much of information received from accused may be proved

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Section - 28 - Confession made after removal of impression caused by inducement, threat or promise, relevant

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Section - 29 - Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etc

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Section - 30 - Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence

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Section - 31 - Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop

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Section - 32 - Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant

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Section - 33 - Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated

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Section - 34 - Entries in books of account when relevant

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Section - 35 - Relevancy of entry in public record, made in performance of duty

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Section - 36 - Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans

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Section - 37 - Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature, contained in certain Acts or notifications

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Section - 38 - Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books

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Section - 39 - What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers

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Section - 40 - Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial

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Section - 41 - Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction

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Section - 42 - Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 41

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Section - 43 - Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 40 to 42, when relevant

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Section - 44 - Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved

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Section - 45 - Opinions of experts

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Section - 45A - Opinion of examiner of Electronic Evidence

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Section - 46 - Facts bearing upon opinions of experts

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Section - 47 - Opinion as to handwriting, when relevant

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Section - 47A - Opinion as to digital signature when relevant

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Section - 48 - Opinion as to existence of right or custom, when relevant

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Section - 49 - Opinions as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevant

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Section - 50 - Opinion on relationship, when relevant

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Section - 51 - Grounds of opinion, when relevant

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Section - 52 - In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant

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Section - 53 - In criminal cases, previous good character relevant

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Section - 53A - Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases

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Section - 54 - Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply

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Section - 55 - Character as affecting damages

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Section - 56 - Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved

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Section - 57 - Facts of which Court must take judicial notice

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Section - 58 - Facts admitted need not be proved

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Section - 59 - Proof of facts by oral evidence

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Section - 60 - Oral evidence must be direct

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Section - 61 - Proof of contents of documents

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Section - 62 - Primary evidence

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Section - 63 - Secondary evidence

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Section - 64 - Proof of documents by primary evidence

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Section - 65 - Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given

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Section - 65A - Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record

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Section - 65B - Admissibility of electronic records

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Section - 66 - Rules as to notice to produce

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Section - 67 - Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced

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Section - 67A - Proof as to digital signature

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Section - 68 - Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested

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Section - 69 - Proof where no attesting witness found

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Section - 70 - Admission of execution by party to attested document

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Section - 71 - Proof when attesting witness denies the execution

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Section - 72 - Proof of document not required by law to be attested

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Section - 73 - Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved

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Section - 73A - Proof as to verification of digital signature

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Section - 74 - Public documents

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Section - 75 - Private documents

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Section - 76 - Certified copies of public documents

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Section - 77 - Proof of documents by production of certified copies

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Section - 78 - Proof of other official documents

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Section - 79 - Presumption as to genuineness of certified copies

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Section - 80 - Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence

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Section - 81 - Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, private Acts of Parliament and other documents

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Section - 81A - Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic forms

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Section - 82 - Presumption as to document admissible in England without proof of seal or signature

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Section - 83 - Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government

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Section - 84 - Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions

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Section - 85 - Presumption as to powers of attorney

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Section - 85A - Presumption as to electronic agreements

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Section - 85B - Presumption as to electronic records and digital signatures

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Section - 85C - Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates

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Section - 86 - Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records

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Section - 87 - Presumption as to books, maps and charts

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Section - 88 - Presumption as to telegraphic messages

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Section - 88A - Presumption as to electronic messages

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Section - 89 - Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced

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Section - 90 - Presumption as to documents thirty years old

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Section - 90A - Presumption as to electronic records five years old

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Section - 91 - Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document

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Section - 92 - Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement

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Section - 93 - Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document

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Section - 94 - Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts

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Section - 95 - Evidence as to document unmeaning reference to existing facts

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Section - 96 - Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several persons

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Section - 97 - Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies

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Section - 98 - Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etc

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Section - 99 - Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document

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Section - 100 - Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to wills

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Section - 101 - Burden of proof

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Section - 102 - On whom burden of proof lies

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Section - 103 - Burden of proof as to particular fact

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Section - 104 - Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible

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Section - 105 - Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions

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Section - 106 - Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge

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Section - 107 - Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years

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Section - 108 - Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven years

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Section - 109 - Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent

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Section - 110 - Burden of proof as to ownership

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Section - 111 - Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidence

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Section - 111A - Presumption as to certain offences

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Section - 112 - Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy

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Section - 113 - Proof of cession of territory

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Section - 113A - Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman

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Section - 113B - Presumption as to dowry death

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Section - 114 - Court may presume existence of certain facts

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Section - 114A - Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecution for rape

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Section - 115 - Estoppel

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Section - 116 - Estoppel of tenant; and of licensee of person in possession

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Section - 117 - Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee

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Section - 118 - Whom may testify

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Section - 119 - Witness unable to communicate verbally

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Section - 120 - Parties to civil suit, and their wives or husbands - Husband or wife or person under criminal trial

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Section - 121 - Judges and Magistrates

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Section - 122 - Communications during marriage

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Section - 123 - Evidence as to affairs of State

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Section - 124 - Official communications

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Section - 125 - Information as to commission of offences

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Section - 126 - Professional communications

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Section - 127 - Section 126 to apply to interpreters, etc

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Section - 128 - Privilege not waived by volunteering evidence

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Section - 129 - Confidential communications with legal advisers

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Section - 130 - Production of title-deeds of witness not a party

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Section - 131 - Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce

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Section - 132 - Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminate

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Section - 133 - Accomplice

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Section - 134 - Number of witnesses

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Section - 135 - Order of production and examination of witnesses

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Section - 136 - Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidence

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Section - 137 - Examination-in-chief

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Section - 138 - Order of examinations

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Section - 139 - Cross-examination of person called to produce a document.

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Section - 140 - Witnesses to character

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Section - 141 - Leading questions

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Section - 142 - When they must not be asked

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Section - 143 - When they may be asked

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Section - 144 - Evidence as to matters in writing

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Section - 145 - Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing

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Section - 146 - Questions lawful in cross-examination

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Section - 147 - When witness to be compelled to answer

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Section - 148 - Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answer

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Section - 149 - Question not to be asked without reasonable grounds

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Section - 150 - Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable grounds

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Section - 151 - Indecent and scandalous questions

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Section - 152 - Questions intended to insult or annoy

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Section - 153 - Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracity

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Section - 154 - Question by party to his own witness

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Section - 155 - Impeaching credit of witness

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Section - 156 - Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible

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Section - 157 - Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony as to same fact

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Section - 158 - What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 32 or 33

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Section - 159 - Refreshing memory

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Section - 160 - Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 159

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Section - 161 - Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memory.

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Section - 162 - Production of documents

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Section - 163 - Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice

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Section - 164 - Using, as evidence, of document, production of which was refused on notice

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Section - 165 - Judge's power to put questions or order production

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Section - 166 - Power of jury or assessors to put questions

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Section - 167 - No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence

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Schedule - [Enactments repealed.]

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