Let us start isca chapter 2

System Development Process: In business, systems development refers to the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. System development can generally be thought of as having two major components : System Analysis and System Design. • System Analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the information to recommend improvements to the system. • System Design is the process of planning a new business system or one to replace or complement an existing system.

Failure in Achieving System Development Objectives: 1. Lack of Senior Management support: While framing the system design the developers requires the assistance of senior managers to design the system in the required manner. Not only in designing the involvement of senior management is required in respect to budgetary control, adequate resources given to the project Shifting user needs: User requirements for Information technology changes constantly. When this happen the developers has to develop a system as per the users requirment and if already the process of development is going on the developers has to accord those changes and hence the purpose for which the work started changes

3. Development of strategic systems: Because strategic decision making is unstructured, the requirements, specifications, and objectives for such development projects are difficult to define. 4.New technologies. When an organization tries to create a competitive advantage by applying advance Information technology, It generally finds difficult that if it develops new techonology the personnel in the organization has to face difficulty as they are not familiar with that developed system

5. Lack of standard project management and systems development methodologies. Some organizations do not formalize their project management and system development methodologies, thereby making it very difficult to consistently complete projects on time or within budget.

system developement life cycle:

meaning:developing a system from its requirement to implementation and maintenance

is SDLC

following are mainly the steps in developing a system

1.  preliminary investigation

2.  requirement analysis and system analysis

3.  system design

4.  system development(construction)

5.  system testing

6.   system implementation

7.  system maintenance and post review

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:

it is the elementary investigation regarding system development  ,

that whether the exsisting system is to be developed or new system is required

it checks that whether requirement of user are feasible or not

 

this includes mainly two steps

1.  PROBLEM DEFINITION

2.  FEASIBILITY STUDY

 

In preliminary investigation the first step is identifying of problem after several rounds of discussions with the management and finding the most problem which requires more attention of management

After identification of Problem 1. Identification of objectives of the project to solve the problem 2. Scope of the project is determined by Internal studies with in the organization and through interviews some of the personnel in the organization

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Auditors’ Role In SDLC: The audit of systems under development can have three main objectives: • to provide an opinion on the efficiency, effectiveness, and economy of project management; • to assess the extent to which the system being developed provides for adequate audit trails and controls to ensure the integrity of data processed and stored; and • to assess the controls being provided for the management of the system's operation.

An Auditor may adopt a rating system such as on scale of 1 to 10 in order to give rating to the various phases of SDLC. E.g. in rating a Feasibility Study, auditor can review Feasibility Study Report and different work products of this study phase. An interview with personnel who have conducted this feasibility study can be conducted. Depending on the content and quality of the Feasibility Study report and interviews, an auditor can arrive at a rating between 1 to 10 (10 being best). After deriving such a rating for all the phases, the auditor can form his/her overall opinion about the SDLC phases. In order to audit technical work products (such as database design or physical design), auditor may opt to include a technical expert to seek his/her opinion on the technical aspects of SDLC.

Systems Implementation : To implement the new system i.e. put it into production the activities involved in System Implementation are as follows : • Conversion of data to the new system files. • Training of end users. • Completion of user documentation. • System change over. • Evaluation of the system at regular intervals.

Activities during Implementation Stage: 1. Equipment installation: Site preparation, Installation of new hardware / software, equipment checkout 2.Training Personnel 3. Change over: Direct implementation / abrupt change (Converting once for all at a time), Phased change (Changing to new systems in a periodic phased manner upto some extent) Pilot change (the new system replaces the old one in one operation but only on a small scale. Any errors found is rectified at this stage and once again implmeneted in a pilot manner). 4. Parallel Running implementation: Both the old and new systems runs parallely in the organization and if the organization finds that new systems is good and is going smoothly they will put an end to old system)