| (a) | - | creates rights, or obligations, which are not ordinarily created between persons dealing at arm's length; |
| (b) | - | results, directly or indirectly, in the misuse, or abuse, of the provisions of this Act; |
| (c) | - | lacks commercial substance or is deemed to lack commercial substance under section 97, in whole or in part; or |
| (d) | - | is entered into, or carried out, by means, or in a manner, which are not ordinarily employed for bona fide purposes. |