SC: Parties cannot rely upon the definitions of terrorism in penal statutes since the Exclusion Clause contains an exhaustive definition

NARSINGH ISPAT LTD. V. ORIENTAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. & ANR.-CIVIL APPEAL NO.10671 of 2016

Dated: 2^nd May,2022

THE APEX COURT HELD THAT: - Parties cannot rely upon the definitions of 'terrorism' in penal statutes since the Exclusion Clause contains an exhaustive definition.

BRIEF FACTS

Supreme Court of India was dealing with the petition filed under Section 23 of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. The appellant has challenged the judgment and order dated 18th October 2016 of the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. By the said Judgment, the Commission dismissed the Consumer Complaint filed by the appellant.

• The appellant had taken Standard Fire and Special Perils Policy from the respondent insurance company for the period from 28^th June 2009 to 27^th June 2010.
• The policy was in respect of Engineering Workshop and Plant. As per the claim made by the appellant, after midnight of 22nd March 2010, about 5060 antisocial people with arms and ammunition entered the factory premises of the appellant.
• According to the appellant's case, the mob demanded money and jobs for local people. Substantial damage was caused to its factory, machinery and other equipment. FIR was also registered.
• The respondent insurance company repudiated the appellant's claim by placing reliance on the Exclusion Clause in the policy regarding loss or damage caused by the acts of terrorism.
• Therefore, the appellant filed the complaint mentioned above before the Commission complaining about deficiency in the service offered by the respondent ­insurance company. In the complaint, a prayer was made for the grant of monetary relief of Rs.1,51,35,780/­ on account of the loss suffered by the appellant. A separate amount of Rs.25,00,000/­ was claimed on account of agony and harassment caused to the appellant due to illegal repudiation of the policy by the respondent­ insurance company. The appellant claimed interest at the rate of 18% p.a on the amounts mentioned above and cost amount of Rs.10,00,000/­.
• By the impugned judgment and order, the Commission held that because of the “Terrorism Damage Exclusion Warranty” (for short, 'the Exclusion Clause'), the respondent company was justified in repudiating the claim of the appellant based on the policy of insurance. It was held that the damage caused to the factory and equipment of the appellant was due to an act of terrorism.

OBSERVATIONS, ARGUMENTS AND DECISIONS OF COURT

• For the sake of convenience, we are reproducing the said Exclusion Clause, which reads thus:

"Terrorism Damage Exclusion Warranty

Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary within this insurance it is agreed that this insurance excludes loss, damage cost or expense of whatsoever nature directly or indirectly caused by, resulting from or in connection with any act of terrorism regardless of any other cause or event contributing concurrently or in any other sequence to the loss.

For the purpose of this endorsement an act of terrorism means an act, including but not limited to the use of force or violence and/or the threat thereof, of any person or group(s) of persons whether acting alone or on behalf of or in connection with any organization(s) or government(s), committed for political, religious, ideological or similar purpose including the intention to influence any government and/or to put the public, or any section of the public in fear.

The warranty also excludes loss, damage, cost or expenses of whatsoever nature directly or indirectly caused by, resulting from or in connection with any action taken in controlling, preventing, suppressing or in any way relating to action taken in respect of any act of terrorism.” (emphasis added).

• The learned counsel appearing for the appellant, submitted that the police had registered a First Information Report against unknown persons. After completing the investigation, the police filed a closure report recording that the accused could not be traced. He submitted that though the respondent ­insurance company relied upon the Investigation Report in the letter of repudiation, neither a copy thereof was supplied to the appellant nor was it produced before the Commission.

He pointed out that after this Court issued a specific direction, a copy of the Investigation Report was filed on record by the respondent, which records that it was not conclusively proved that Maoist activists or any such activists made the attack. He submitted that on a conjoint reading of the First Information Report, closure Report filed by the police and Investigation Report submitted by the Investigator appointed by the respondent ­insurance company, it is apparent that it was not a case of a terrorist act within the meaning of the Exclusion Clause.

The learned counsel tried to rely upon the concept of 'terrorism' under various enactments such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and the National Investigation Agency Act, 2006. He submitted that the burden was on the insurance company to prove that the Exclusion Clause was attracted in the facts of the case. He submitted that if there was any ambiguity about whether the Exclusion Clause was attracted, the insurance contract will have to be construed in favour of the appellant ­insurer. In support of this proposition, he relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Ishar Das Madan Lal1.

• The learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent­ insurance company, invited our attention to the allegations made in the First Information Report regarding the incident of 23rd March 2010. He submitted that the fact that 120 people entered the factory premises of the appellant along with weapons and carried out large scale destruction shows that it was an act of terrorism to terrorise the workers of the appellant and its management. He submitted that the police have applied Sections 147, 148, 149, 323, 307, 379, 427, 435 and 447 of the Indian Penal Code read with Section 17 of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1908 (for short, 'the Amendment Act of 1908'). He submitted that it was a case of unlawful association as defined in Section 15 of the Amendment Act of 1908. He submitted that under Section 17 thereof, the unlawful association is made an offence. He submitted that the very fact that the provisions of the Amendment Act of 1908 have been applied shows that the loss caused to the appellant was due to a terrorist act. He submitted that the burden was on the appellant to show that liability arises under the said policy. He submitted that the appellant failed to discharge the burden. He would, therefore, submit that no interference is called for with the finding of the Commission.
• In the present case, the repudiation of the policy made by the respondent is based on the Preliminary Survey Report, Investigation Report and the Final Survey Report. The Survey Reports cannot throw any light on the question whether there was an act of terrorism. The Survey Reports do not record any factual findings regarding the incidents which caused the loss. Reliance was placed on the Investigation Report in the letter of repudiation. A copy of the said Report, placed on record along with I.A. No.38075 of 2022, records a conclusion drawn by the Investigator appointed by the respondent that it is not conclusively proved that the persons involved in the incident belonged to Maoist or similar groups. The FIR and Closure Report do not refer to acts of terrorism as defined under Exclusion Clause. The Final Report (Closure Report) shows that the police had registered a First Information Report against 105 miscreants who could not be traced.

In paragraph 8 in the case of Ishar Das Madan Lal1, this Court held thus:

“8. However, there may be an express clause excluding the applicability of insurance cover. Wherever such an exclusionary clause is contained in a policy, it would be for the insurer to show that the case falls within the purview thereof. In a case of ambiguity, it is trite, the contract of insurance shall be construed in favour of the insured. [See United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pushpalaya Printers (2004) 3 SCC 694, Peacock Plywood (P) Ltd. v. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. (2006) 12 SCC 673 and United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Kiran Combers & Spinners (2007) 1 SCC 368]” (emphasis added).

• The respondent has not discharged the burden of bringing the case within the four corners of the Exclusion Clause. When the policy itself defines the acts of terrorism in the Exclusion Clause, the terms of the policy being a concluded contract will govern the rights and liabilities of the parties. Therefore, the parties cannot rely upon the definitions of 'terrorism' in various penal statutes since the Exclusion Clause contains an exhaustive definition of acts of terrorism.
• Thus, the Commission committed an error by applying the Exclusion Clause. Moreover, the policy specifically covers the damage to the insured's property caused by violent means.

We are reproducing the relevant clause in that behalf :

“V. Riot Strike and Malicious Damage Loss of or visible physical damage or destruction by external violent means directly caused to the property insured but excluding those caused by;

a) total or partial (sic) cessation of work or the retardation or interruption or (sic) cessation or any process or operations or omissions of any kind.

b) Permanent or temporary dispossession resulting from confiscation, commandeering, requisition or destruction by order of the Government or any lawfully constituted Authority.

c) Permanent or temporary dispossession of any building or plant or unit of (sic) machinery resulting from the unlawful occupation by any person of such building or plant or unit or machinery or prevention of access to the same.

d) Burglary, housebreaking, theft, larceny or any such attempt or any omission of any kind of any person (whether or not such act is committed in the course of a disturbance of public peace) in any malicious act.

• If the Company alleges that the loss/damage is not caused by any malicious act, the burden of proving the contrary shall be upon the insured.” (emphasis added).

The policy covers explicitly a liability arising out of the damage to the property of the insured due to riots or the use of violent means. Hence, the decision to repudiate the policy cannot be sustained. Under the insurance policy, there are different limits prescribed for various acts covered by the policy. In the impugned Judgment, it is noted that the parties had filed affidavits­ in­ lieu of evidence before the Commission. An adjudication will have to be made on the quantum of the amount payable to the appellant after appreciating the evidence on record, including the valuation reports. However, the valuer appointed by the respondent ­company has valued the loss caused to the appellant at approximately Rs.89,00,000/­. We, therefore, propose to direct the respondent to deposit the said amount with the Commission with liberty to the appellant to make an application for withdrawal.

• As there was no warrant for applying the Exclusion Clause, the impugned judgment and order will have to be set aside, and by restoring the complaint filed by the appellant, the same will have to be ordered to be heard by the Commission afresh.
• Accordingly, the impugned judgment and order is hereby set aside. Consumer Complaint No.165 of 2012 filed by the appellant before the Commission is restored to the file. After allowing parties to lead further evidence, the Commission shall decide the complaint filed by the appellant in accordance with law and in the light of what is held in this judgment. The Commission is requested to pass an appropriate final order on the remanded complaint within four months from today.
• We make it clear that we have not expressed a definitive opinion on the quantum of the amount payable to the appellant under the policy of insurance, and the said issue is left open for the decision of the Commission in accordance with law.
• As observed earlier, the respondent shall deposit the sum of Rs.89,00,000/­ in the Registry of the Commission within one month from today and the same shall be deposited in the interest ­bearing account on auto renewal basis. At the same time, the appellant will be at liberty to file an application for withdrawal of the amount before the Commission pending complaint. If such an application is filed by the appellant, the Commission may examine on its own merits and decide the same in accordance with law.
• Accordingly, the appeal is allowed in the above terms with no order as to costs.

CONCLUSION

This is one of most appreciable decision of the Apex Court. The Hon'ble Court clearly mentioned that in case of insurance ,if any claim for injury or damage falls under provisions of its exclusion clause, then it is duty of insurance company to prove it ,within parameters of “Exclusion Clause” only. An insurance company is not allowed to drive definition from other laws and legislations to prove the act contention. It means that ,in the above case insurance company has repudiated the claim of the insured on the basis that the damage or destructions of plant and machinery had been done due to “ Act of Terrorism” and this act falls under Exclusion Clause. An insurer has to prove the Act of Terrorism by wording of “Exclusion Clause” , it cannot take any extraneous reference or definition to prove that.

DISCLAIMER: The case law presented here is only for sharing information and knowledge with the readers. The views are personal and should not be considered as personal advice. In case of necessity do consult with insurance advisors for more clarity and understanding on subject matter.