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Commentary on The Digital Personal Data Protection(Pre-order Book Launch)

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTORY

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Historical development 2
1.3 Justice Srikrishna Committee Report 3
1.4 Principles of the Act 6
1.5 Salient Features of the Act 7
1.6 Scheme of the Act 9

CHAPTER 2

DATA, PERSONAL DATA AND DATA PROTECTION RIGHT

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Data Protection meaning 12
  • 2.2.1 Processing and data processing
 13
2.3 “Data� means 14
  • 2.3.1Data
 14
2.4 Personal data 15
  • 2.4.1 Identifiable person
 17
  • 2.4.2 Identifiability in relation to data
 18
  • 2.4.3 Durant case
 .18
  • 2.4.4 General Data Protection Regulation, 2018 (GDPR)
 20
  • 2.4.5 Sensitive Personal Data
 20
2.5 Data Protection right and right to privacy (fundamental right) 21
  • 2.5.1 Data Protection right and right to privacy – distinction
 23

CHAPTER 3

REPRESENTATION IN DIGITAL FORM- DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Digital technology - meaning 26
3.3 Digital technology – historical development 28

CHAPTER 4

INFORMATION - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Pure Information and practical information as a product 31
4.3 Information technology means for exchanging information 33
4.4 Software - meaning 34
4.5 Software - Computer programming to accomplish a specific computing result 35
4.6 Computer programme (software) - Two types 36

CHAPTER 5

PERSONAL DATA PROCESSING AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

5.1 Introduction 39
5.2 Processing of personal data- Principles 39
5.3 Data processing - manipulation of data by a computer 41
5.4 Computer functions and computer software 42
5.5 Electronic transmission of information 43
5.6 Internet technology (or “World Wide Web�) 45
  • 5.6.1 Domain name- computer’s numeric IP address
 48
  • 5.6.2 How internet operates
 48
5.7 Internet - e-commerce 49
  • 5.7.1 Data protection in e-commerce
 50

CHAPTER 6

SCOPE OF THE ACT

6.1 Introduction 51
6.2 Scope 51
6.3 Ingredients of section 3 52
6.4 Processing within and outside India 52
6.5 Non-applicability of the Act 55

CHAPTER 7

DATA FIDUCIARY – OBLIGATIONS

7.1 Introduction 56
7.2 Data fiduciary – a relationship of trust 56
7.3 Data processing – Principles 57
7.4 Processing personal data – Ground 57
  • 7.4.1 Lawfulness of processing
 58
7.5 Request for consent - notice by data fiduciary 59
7.6 Consent necessary for processing personal data 60
  • 7.6.1 Consent – meaning
 61
  • 7.6.2 Consent - Free and specific
 62
  • 7.6.3 Consent withdrawal and consequences
 64
  • 7.6.4 Consent manager
 64
7.7 Personal data processing – legitimate purposes 65
  • 7.7.1 “Use� – meaning
 67
7.8 Data fiduciary - general obligations 68
7.9 Personal data of children - processing 69
7.10 Significant Data Fiduciary - additional obligations of 71

CHAPTER 8

�

8.1 Introduction 72
8.2 Right to access information about personal data 72
8.3 Right to correction and erasure 73
8.4 Right of grievance redressal. 74
8.5 Right to nominate 74
8.6 Duties of Data Principal 74

CHAPTER 9

PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA – EXEMPTIONS

9.1 Introduction 76
9.2 Exemptions – five types 76
9.3 Exemptions - Processing of personal data by data fiduciary 77
  • 9.3.1 Exemption – GDPR
 78
9.4 Exemption – processing of personal data - in the interests of sovereignty of India, security of State, public order, etc 79
9.5 Exemption – processing of personal data necessary for research 81
9.6 Exemption – processing of personal data by data fiduciariesas notified by Central Government 81
9.7 Exemption- processing for correcting inaccurate data 81
9.8 Exemption – before expiry of five years from commencement of Act 82

CHAPTER 10

DATA PROTECTION BOARD OF INDIA

10.1 Introduction 83
10.2 Establishment of Board 84
10.3 Composition and qualification 84
10.4 Disqualification for appointment and continuance 84
10.5 Disqualification and removal – Insolvency, conviction, infirmity, etc 85
  • 10.5.1 Insolvency
 85
  • 10.5.2 Conviction on grounds involving moral turpitude
 85
  • 10.5.3 Physical or mental incapacity
 85
  • 10.5.4 Financial or other interest
 85
  • 10.5.5 Abuse of position
 86
10.6 Proceedings of Board 87
  • 10.6.1 Vacancy not to invalidate proceedings
 87
10.7 Powers and functions of Board 89
10.8 Power to issue directions 89
  • 10.8.1 Opportunity of being heard
 89
10.9 Power to review 92
10.10 Procedure to be followed by Board 93
10.11 Power to conduct inquiry, etc 94
  • 10.11.1 Inquiry
 94
10.12 Board guided by the principles of natural justice and not Procedure- Code of Civil Procedure 95
  • 10.12.1 Procedural safeguard
 96
10.13 Board Power - Power of Civil Court 97
  • 10.13.1 Summoning and enforcing attendance
 98
  • 10.13.2 Receiving evidence on affidavit
 98
  • 10.13.3 Affidavit- rule relating to
 100
  • 10.13.4 Discovery and inspection
 100
10.14 Interim order and closing proceedings 102
10.15 Interlocutory orders 103
10.16 Frivolous complaint 104
10.17 Chairperson, Members and Officers – Public servants 104

CHAPTER 11

APPEAL AND ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

11.1 Introduction 105
11.2 Appeal- Meaning 106
  • 11.2.1 Appeal in the nature of rehearing
 106
11.3 Preferring Appeal 107
  • 11.3.1 Appeal preferring - Time limit
 107
  • 11.3.2 Sufficient cause
 108
11.4 Any person aggrieved 110
  • 11.4.1 Interim order not appealable, though party aggrieved
 110
11.5 Appellate Tribunal-Order 111
  • 11.5.1 Order-Meaning
 111
  • 11.5.2 Pass order thereon
 112
  • 11.5.3 Subject-matter of appeal
 113
  • 11.5.4 As it thinks fit
 113
  • 11.5.5 Opportunity of being heard
 114
  • 11.5.6 Appellate Tribunal - Power
 114
11.6 Appellate Trtibunal not a court 115
  • 11.6.1 Tribunal not bound by Code of Civil Procedure
 116
  • 11.6.2 Natural justice
 119
11.7 Procedural safeguard 120
11.8 issuing commission 120
11.9 Reviewing decisions 123
11.10 Recalling order 127
11.11 deciding ex parte 127
11.12 Finality of order 127
11.13 Deciding appeal within six months 128
11.14 Appellate order executed as a decree 129
  • 11.14.1 Decree – meaning
 129
  • 11.14.2 Appellate order is not but deemed as a decree
 130
11.15 Alternate Dispute Resolution 132
11.16 Voluntary undertaking 132
11.17 Appeal against Appellate Tribunal order 133
11.18 Question of law 133
  • 11.18.1 Question of fact or question of law
 134
  • 11.18.2 Question of fact becomes a question of law
 135

CHAPTER 12

PENALTIES

12.1 Introduction 136
12.2 Penalty – meaning 136
12.3 Offences punishable and penalty leviable 137
12.4 Penalty – steps 137
  • 12.4.1 Inquiry
 138
  • 12.4.2 Determination
 138
  • 12.4.3 Breach of duty
 138
  • 12.4.3a Significant breach of duty
 139
12.5 Quantum of Punishment, factors 140
  • 12.5.1 Gravity, repetitive nature of breach
 141
  • 12.5.2 Penalty proportionate to offence
 141

CHAPTER 13

PROTECTION OF ACTION TAKEN IN GOOD FAITH

13.1 Introduction 143
13.2 Suit, Prosecution or legal Proceedings – meaning 143
13.3 Act done under the Act 144
13.4 Act done in good faith 145
13.5 Exercise of power in good faith or misuse in bad faith 145
13.6 Protection against institution of vexatious proceedings 148

CHAPTER 14

CONSISTENCY OF ACT WITH OTHER LAWS

14.1 Introduction 151
14.2 In addition to and not in derogation of 151
14.3 DPDP Act being a special provision prevails over other provisions 154
  • 14.3.1 Special law v Special law
 155

CHAPTER 15

BAR OF JURISDICTION OF CIVIL COURT

15.1 Introduction 157
15.2 Two bars 157
  • 15.2.1 By or under the Act
 158
  • 15.2.2 Suit or proceedings
 158
  • 15.2.3 Injunction
 158
  • 15.2.4 Action
 159
15.3 Civil Court jurisdiction is not completely ousted 159
15.4 Order is subject to judicial review 160

CHAPTER 16

RULES, REMOVAL OF DIFFICULTIES, CALLING INFORMATION, ISSUING DIRECTIONS

16.1 Introduction 162
16.2 Legislature delegating power - Justification 163
16.3 Delegated legislation - Classification 163
16.4 Central Government Power to Make Rules 164
16.5 Laying of rules before Parliament 164
  • 16.5.1 Legislative control
 164
16.6 Rules-Statutory force 166
16.7 Rules – not retrospective 166
16.8 Publication 167
16.9 Power to amend Schedul 168
16.10 Power to remove difficulties 168
  • 16.10.1 Power is not the power to make rules
 169
  • 16.10.2 Difficulties alinude or extraneous difficulties not covered
 169
  • 16.10.3 Order legislative in character
 170
16.11 Power to call information 170
16.12 Power of Central Government to issue directions 170
Introduction 171
Rules have the same force as if enacted under the Act 171
Laying of rules and certain notifications 172
Laying before the Houses of Parliament would mean legislative functions not abandoned 172
Laying before the Houses of Parliament – various methods 173
Central Government power to amend Schedule 175

CHAPTER 17

INTERPRETATIVE PRINCIPLES

17.1 Interpretation- meaning 176
17.2 Interpretation and construction - Distinction 176
17.3 Interpretation-General Rules 177
17.4 Literal rule of interpretation 178
17.5 Ambiguity 179
17.6 Contextual interpretation 180
17.7 Golden Rule 182
17.8 Mischief rule- (Haydon’s rule) 183
17.9 Purposive interpretation 183
17.10 Rules of interpretation – summing up 185
17.11 Aids to Interpretation 188
  • 17.11.1 External aid
 188
  • 17.11.2 Internal aids
 188
  • 17.11.2a Preamble
 188
  • 17.11.2b Marginal Notes
 189
  • 17.11.2c Heading
 189
  • 17.11.2d Definition
 189
17.12 Proviso- Exception to main provision 190
  • 17.12.1 Interpretation of a proviso
 191
  • 17.12.2 Provided further
 192
  • 17.12.3 Proviso, whether refers to the last or all paras in a series of paragraphs
 192
17.13 Explanation 193
  • 17.13.1 Explanation – Interpretation
 194
17.14 Exception 194
17.15 Clarificatory provision 195
17.16 Rule of language 195
17.17 Provision - Mandatory or directory 195
  • 17.17.1 “May� – enabling word
 197
  • 17.17.2 Shall- imports obligation
 197
  • 17.17.3 Public duty performance- provision is directory
 198
  • 17.17.4 Time frame for performance duty-directory
 198
  • 17.17.5 Prescription of time- frame for the act to be done
 198
  • 17.17.6 Negative words imperative
 199
17.18 Strict interpretation 199
  • 17.18.1 Penal provision – strictly interpreted
 199
  • 17.18.2 Legal fictions- strictly interpreted
 201
  • 17.18.3 Deeming provision –strictly construed
 202
  • 17.18.4 Procedure being handmaid of administration of justice-liberally interpreted
 203

CHAPTER 18

THE DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT, 2023

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1. Short title and commencement 205
2. Definitions 205
3. Application of Act 208

CHAPTER II

OBLIGATIONS OF DATA FIDUCIARY

4. Grounds for processing personal data 209
5. Notice 209
6. Consent 210
7. Certain legitimate 212
8. General obligations of Data Fiduciary 213
9. Processing of personal data of children 215
10. Additional obligations of Significant Data Fiduciary 216

CHAPTER III

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF DATA PRINCIPAL

11. Right to access information about personal data 216
12. Right to correction and erasure of personal data 217
13. Right of grievance redressal 218
14. Right to nominate 218
15. Duties of Data Principal 218

CHAPTER IV

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

16. Processing of personal data outside India 219
17. Exemptions 219

CHAPTER V

DATA PROTECTION BOARD OF INDIA

18. Establishment of Board 221
19. Composition and qualifications for appointment of Chairperson and Members 221
20. Salary, allowances payable to and term of office .222
21. Disqualifications for appointment and continuation as Chairperson and Members of Board 222
22. Registration by Members and filling of vacancy 222
23. Proceedings of Board 222
24. Officers and employees of Board 223
25. Members and officers to be public servants 223
26. Powers of Chairperson 223

CHAPTER VI

DATA PROTECTION BOARD OF INDIA

POWERS, FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED BY BOARD

27. Powers and functions of Board 224
28. Procedure to be followed by Board 225

CHAPTER VII

APPEAL AND ALTERNATE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

29. Appeal to Appellate Tribunal 226
30. Orders passed by Appellate Tribunal to be excecutable as decree 227
31. Atternate dispute resolution 227
32. Voluntary undertaking 227

CHAPTER VIII

PENALTIES AND ADJUDICATION

33. Penalties 228
34. Crediting sums realised by way of penalties to Consolidated Fund of India 228

CHAPTER IX

MISCELLANEOUS

35. Protection of action taken in good faith 228
36. Power to call information 228
37. Power of Central Government to issue directions 228
38. Consistency with other laws 229
39. Bar of jurisdiction 229
40. Power to make rules 229
41. Laying of rules and certain notifications 231
42. Power to amend Schedule 231
43. Power to remove difficulties 232
44. Amendments to certain Acts 232
THE SCHEDULE 233

About the Author

D.P. Mittal

D.P. Mittal

D.P. Mittal-D.P. Mittal is an advocate, tax and business law consultant. He has authored about two hundred articles in Indian and foreign magazines and journals and also books on various law subjects; some of them are as follows: Interpretation of Taxing Statutes, Wills, Deeds and Documents; Laws relating to Copyrights, Patents, Trade Marks and GATT; Business and Commercial Laws; Law of Arbitration, ADR and Contract in India; Indian Patents Law; Natural Justice, Judicial Review & Administrative Law; Law of Trade Marks; Law of Information Technology (Cyber Law); Law of Arbitration (2002); Indian Patents Law and Procedure (2002); Trade Marks Passing off and Geographical Indications of Goods - Law and Procedure (2002); Competition Law; Law relating to Sick Industries; Interpretation of Statutes; Law Dictionary

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Commentary on The Digital Personal Data Protection(Pre-order Book Launch)
Publisher: Commercial Law Publishers
Pages: 233
Language: English
ISBN: 9789356037229
₹ 515 Price : ₹ 695
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