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<DIV class=3Dbodytext>
<OL>
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
How To=20
  Export</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Preliminaries=20
  for Starting Export</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#3">=
Registration</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#4">=
Register=20
  with Export Promotion Council</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#5">=
Despatching=20
  Samples</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#6">=
Appointing=20
  Agents</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#7">=
Specimen=20
  Copy of Agreement</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#8">=
Acquire=20
  an Export License</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#9">=
Acquire=20
  Export Credit Insurance</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#10"=
>Arranging=20
  Finance</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#11"=
>Rates=20
  of Interest</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#12"=
>Understand=20
  Foreign Exchange Rates &amp; Protect Against Their Adverse =
Movement</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#13"=
>Forward=20
  Contracts</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#14"=
>Procuring/Manufacturing=20
  Goods for Export &amp; Their Inspection by Government Authorities</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#15"=
>Labeling,=20
  Packaging, Packing &amp; Marking Goods</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#16"=
>New=20
  Excise Procedure</A> </LI></OL><A name=3D1></A><B>How To =
Export</B><FONT=20
face=3Dverdana size=3D2> </FONT>
<UL>
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h1"=
>Golden=20
  Rule</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h2"=
>Sell=20
  Experience</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h3"=
>Selling=20
  in Export</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h4"=
>On-time=20
  Deliveries</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h5"=
>Communication</A>=20

  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h6"=
>Testing=20
  Products</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#h7"=
>Approach</A>=20
  </LI></UL>
<P><A name=3Dh1><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Golden =
Rule:</STRONG></FONT> In order=20
to be successful in exporting one must fully research its markets. No =
one should=20
ever try to tackle every market at once. Many enthusiastic persons =
bitten by the=20
export bug, fail because they bite off more than they can chew. Overseas =
design=20
and product requirements must be carefully considered.</A></P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV>Always=20
sell as close to the market as possible. The fewer intermediaries one =
has the=20
better, because every intermediary needs some percentage for his share =
in his=20
business, which means less profit for the exporter and higher prices for =
the=20
customer. All goods for export must be efficiently produced. They must =
be=20
produced with due regard to the needs of export markets. It is no use =
trying to=20
sell windows which open outwards in a country where, traditionally, =
windows open=20
inwards.=20
<P><A name=3Dh2><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Sell =
Experience:</STRONG></FONT> If a=20
person cannot easily export his goods, may be he can sell his =
experience.=20
Alternatively, he can concentrate on supplying goods and materials to =
exporters'=20
who already have established an export trade. He can concentrate on =
making what=20
are termed 'own brand' products, much demanded by buyers in overseas =
markets=20
which have the manufacturing know-how or facilities.</A></P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dh3><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Selling in =
Export:</STRONG></FONT> In=20
today's competitive world, everyone has to be sold. The customer always =
has a=20
choice of suppliers. Selling is an honorable profession, and you have to =
be an=20
expert salesman.</A>=20
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dh4><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>On-Time =
Deliveries:</STRONG></FONT> Late=20
deliveries are not always an exporters fault. Dock strikes, go-slows, =
etc. occur=20
almost everywhere in the world. If one enters into export for the first =
time, he=20
must ensure of fast and efficient delivery of the promised =
consignment.</A>=20
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dh5><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Communication:</STRONG></FONT> =
Communication=20
internal and external must be comprehensive and immediate. Good =
communication is=20
vital in export. When you are in doubt, pick up the phone or email for =
immediate=20
clarification.</A>=20
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dh6><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Testing Product:</STRONG></FONT> =
The risk of=20
failure in export markets can be minimized by intelligent use of =
research.=20
Before committing to a large-scale operation overseas, try out on a =
small scale.=20
Use the a sample test, and any mistakes can then be corrected without =
much harm=20
having been done. While the test campaign may appear to cost more =
initially,=20
remember that some of the cost will be repaid by sales, so that test =
marketing=20
often turns out to be cheaper.</A>=20
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#1">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dh7><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Approach:</STRONG></FONT> If =
possible some=20
indication of the attitudes towards the product should be established, =
like any=20
sales operation. Even if the product is successful, to obtain reactions =
from the=20
customer.</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><BR><A name=3D2></A><B>Preliminaries for Starting =
Export=20
Business </B>
<UL>
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p1"=
>Setting=20
  up an appropriate business organization.</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p2"=
>Choosing=20
  appropriate mode of operations</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p3"=
>Naming=20
  the Business</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p4"=
>Selecting=20
  the company</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p5"=
>Making=20
  effective business correspondence</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p6"=
>Selecting=20
  the markets</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p7"=
>Selecting=20
  prospective buyers</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p8"=
>Selecting=20
  channels of distribution</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p9"=
>Negotiating=20
  with prospective buyers</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p10=
">Processing=20
  an export order</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p11=
">Entering=20
  into export contract</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p12=
">Export=20
  pricing and costing</A>=20
  <LI><A=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#p13=
">Understanding=20
  risks in international trade</A> </LI></UL>
<P><A name=3Dp1><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Setting up an appropriate =
business=20
organization</STRONG></FONT></A></P>
<P>The first and the foremost question you as a prospective exporter has =
to=20
decide is about the kind of business organisation needed for the =
purpose. You=20
have to take a crucial decision as to whether a business will be run as =
a sole=20
proprietary concern or a partnership firm or a company. The proper =
selection of=20
organisation will depend upon</P>
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>Your ability to raise finance=20
  <LI>Your capacity to bear the risk=20
  <LI>Your desire to exercise control over the business=20
  <LI>Nature of regulatory framework applicable to you </LI></UL>
<P>If the size of the business is small, it would be advantageous to =
form a sole=20
proprietary business organisation. It can be set up easily without much =
expenses=20
and legal formalities. It is subject to only a few governmental =
regulations.=20
However, the biggest disadvantage of #138;sole proprietary business is =
limited=20
liability to raise funds which restricts its growth. Besides, the owner =
has=20
unlimited personal liability. In order to avoid this disadvantage, it is =

advisable to form a partnership firm. The partnership firm can also be =
set up=20
with ease and economy. Business can take benefit of the varied =
experiences and=20
expertise of the partners. The liability of the partner though joint and =

several, is practically distributed amongst the various partners, =
despite the=20
fact that the personal liability of the partner is unlimited. The major=20
disadvantage of partnership form of business organisation is that =
conflict=20
amongst the partners is a potential threat to the business. It will not =
be out=20
of place to mention here that partnership firms are governed by the =
Indian=20
Partnership Act,1932 and, therefore they should be form within the =
parameters=20
laid down by the Act.</P>
<P>Exporters Manual and Documentation</P>
<P>Company is another form of business organisation,which has the =
advantage of=20
distinct legal identity and limited liability to the shareholders. It =
can be a=20
private limited company or a public limited company. A private limited =
company=20
can be formed by just two persons subscribing to its share capital. =
However, the=20
number of its shareholders cannot exceed fifty, public cannot be invited =
to=20
subscribe to its capital and the member's right to transfer shares is=20
restricted. On the other hand, a public limited company has a minimum of =
seven=20
members. There is no limit to maximum number of its members. It can =
invite the=20
public to subscribe to its capital and permit the transfer of shares. A =
public=20
limited company offers enormous potential for growth because of access =
to=20
substantial funds. The liquidity of investment is high because of =
easiness of=20
transfer of shares. However, its formation can be recommended only when =
the size=20
of the business is large. For small business, a sole proprietary concern =
or a=20
partnership firm will be the most suitable form of business =
organisation.In case=20
it is decided to incorporate a private limited company, the same is to =
be=20
registered with the Registrar of Companies.</P>
<P>For details as to be procedures for registration with the registrar =
of=20
Companies, kindly refer to Nabhi's FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A PRIVATE =
COMPANY=20
ALONG WITH PRACTICAL PROCEDURES.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp2><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Choosing appropriate mode of=20
operation</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>You can chose any of the following modes of operations:</P>
<P>Merchant Exporter i.e. buying the goods from the market or from a=20
manufacturer and then selling them to foreign buyers.</P>
<P>Manufacturer Exporter i.e. manufacturing the goods yourself for =
export Sales=20
Agent/Commission Agent/Indenting Agent i.e. acting on behalf of the =
seller and=20
charging commission Buying Agent i.e. acting on behalf of the buyer and =
charging=20
commission</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp3><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Naming the =
Business</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>Whatever form of business organisation has been finally decided, =
naming the=20
business is an essential task for every exporter. The name and style =
should be=20
attractive, short and meaningful. Simple and attractive name indicating =
the=20
nature of business is ideal. The office should be located preferably in =
a=20
commercial complex, in clean and workable surroundings. The letter head =
should=20
be simple and superb providing information concerning H.O., branches, =
cable=20
address, telephone number, fax number, banker's name and address etc. =
Pick up a=20
beautiful trade name and logo which reinforces your organisation's name =
and=20
image.</P>
<P>Open a current account in the name of the organisation in whose name =
you=20
intend to export. It is advisable to open the account with a bank which =
is=20
authorised to deal in Foreign Exchange.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp4><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Selecting the =
Company</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>Carefully select the product to be exported. For proper selection of =
product,=20
study the trends of export of different items from India. The selected =
product=20
must be in demand in the countries where it is to be exported. It should =
be=20
possible to procure or manufacture the selected product at most economic =
cost so=20
that it can be competitively priced. It should also be available in =
sufficient=20
quantity and it should be possible to supply it repeatedly and =
regularly.=20
Besides, while selecting the product, it has to be ensured that you are=20
conversant with government policy and regulations in respect of product =
selected=20
for export. You should also know import regulations in respect of such=20
commodities by the importing countries. It would be preferable if you =
have=20
previous knowledge and experience of commodities selected by you for =
export. A=20
non-technical person should avoid in dealing in high tech products.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp5><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Making effective Business=20
Correspondence</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>You should recognise the importance of business correspondence as it =
is an=20
introduction with the buyer in proxy which may clinch his response =
according to=20
the impression created by the correspondence. For creating a very =
favorable and=20
excellent impression, you must use a beautiful letter head on airmail =
paper and=20
a good envelope, nicely printed, giving fully particulars of your firm's =
name,=20
telephone, telex and fax number etc. Your language should be polite, =
soft, brief=20
and to the point, giving a very clear picture of the subject to be put =
before=20
the customer. Letters should be typed/ computer typed set, preferably in =
the=20
language of the importing country. Also make sure that the full and =
correct=20
address is written and the envelope is duly stamped. It should also be =
borne in=20
mind that the aim of your business correspondence is not only to clinch =
the=20
buyer's order but also to obtain the information on the following:</P>
<P>The specifications of the products already in use in the importing =
country.=20
Whether your product meets the above specifications. If not, Whether =
your=20
specifications offer any distinct advantages in terms of prices, =
quality,=20
after-sales service, etc. The import policy prevailing in the buyer's =
country=20
(e.g. whether there is any import licensing, any restrictions on =
remittances,=20
any pre-qualification for product/supplier, etc.)</P>
<P>The trade practices in the buyers' country with special reference to =
your=20
product, information like whether importers import and distribute the=20
product/high sea sales, whether agent is required to book orders from =
actual=20
users etc. In case your item requires after sales service, the manner in =
which=20
it can be offered. The prices at which your product sells in the=20
retail/wholesale market, the duty structure and any other cost element =
to arrive=20
at the landed cost. Information on the margins at which the product is =
sold.=20
This information will help you in evolving a pricing strategy.</P>
<P>Study of various market segments viz. Importers, Supermarkets, =
Government=20
Suppliers, Institutional Sales, Tenders, Suppliers, etc.</P>
<P>The various factors that rule the market viz. Quality, Price, =
Delivery, Brand=20
Name, Credit Terms, etc. Role of advertising and publicity and reference =
to the=20
product and the country.</P>
<P>A specimen export letter is given below :</P>
<P>Specimen of Introductory Letter to International Importers</P>
<P>Ref: TIL/NYK2001/ 14th Novl,2000</P>
<P>The Manager (Purchase)</P>
<P>M/s. TIL Ltd.</P>
<P>.........................</P>
<P>.........................</P>
<P>(U.S.A.)</P>
<P>Dear Sir,</P>
<P>We are exporters of a wide variety of items including .......... for =
the last=20
ten years. Our major buyers are ......... in .......... We are one of =
the=20
registered export houses in India. We represent .......... the leading=20
manufacturers of these items in India. These items are produced in =
collaboration=20
with .........., the world famous company. We follow the ISI =
specifications. We=20
believe that your company imports the items we export. We are enclosing =
herewith=20
a copy of our brochure and price list for your perusal. We shall be glad =
to send=20
you detailed literature/ samples of items that may be of interests to =
you.</P>
<P>Yours sincerely,</P>
<P>For NYK Ltd.</P>
<P>Manager (Marketing)</P>
<P>Encl: As above.</P>
<P>Comments :</P>
<P>The text can be suitably amended with reference to the manufacturing =
activity=20
or/items dealt in by the exporter.</P>
<P>Where the manufacturing is not in collaboration with a foreign =
company, it=20
need not be referred to.</P>
<P>Product literature (of the buyer's interest) and price list should =
invariably=20
be sent along with the letter.</P>
<P>The price list should categorically indicate whether the prices are =
f.o.b.,=20
&amp; C&amp;f or c.i.f. etc. However, discount need not be indicated in =
the=20
price list.</P>
<P>The profile about your company should generally include the following =

matters:</P>
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>Company's name and address /Telex /Telephone /Cable /Fax/Email/ =
Date of=20
  establishment=20
  <LI>Export Executives=20
  <LI>Status: Partnership/ Company (Pvt. Ltd./Pub.Ltd) Govt.(Semi-Govt.) =

  <LI>Bank Reference=20
  <LI>Exporting Since=20
  <LI>Value of Assets=20
  <LI>No. of Employees/ Manufacturing/ Sales/ Administration=20
  <LI>Foreign Offices/Representatives, if any=20
  <LI>Exporter/ Manufacturer/ Agent=20
  <LI>Main Line=20
  <LI>Technical Collaboration=20
  <LI>Standards/Specification followed=20
  <LI>Major Buyers- In India; Abroad </LI></UL>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp6><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Selecting the =
markets</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>Target markets should be selected after careful consideration of =
various=20
factors like political embargo, scope of exporter's selected product, =
demand=20
stability, preferential treatment to products from developing countries, =
market=20
penetration by competitive countries and products, distance of potential =
market,=20
transport problems, language problems, tariff and non-tariff barriers,=20
distribution infrastructure, size of demand in the market, expected life =
span of=20
market and product requirements, sales and distribution channels. For =
this=20
purpose you should collect adequate market information before selecting =
one or=20
more target markets. The information can be collected from various =
sources like=20
Export Promotion Council (EPCs)/Commodity Boards, Federation of Indian =
Export=20
Organisation, (FIEO), Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), Indian =
Trade=20
Promotion Organisation (ITPO), Indian Embassies Abroad, Foreign =
Embassies in=20
India, Import Promotion Institutions Abroad, Overseas Chambers of =
Commerce and=20
Industries, Various Directories, Journals, Market Survey Reports.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp7><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Selecting prospective=20
Buyers</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>You can collect addresses of the prospective buyers of the commodity =
from the=20
following sources:</P>
<P>Enquiries from friends and relatives or other acquaintances residing =
in=20
foreign countries.</P>
<P>Visiting/ participating in International Trade Fairs and Exhibitions =
in India=20
and abroad. Contact with the Export Promotion Councils, Commodity Boards =
and=20
other Government Agencies. List given in Appendix 4 of this book).</P>
<P>Consulting International Yellow Pages (A Publication from New York by =
Dun=20
&amp; Bradstreet, USA or other Yellow Pages of different countries like=20
Japan,Dubai Etc.)</P>
<P>Collecting addresses from various Private Indian Publications =
Directories=20
available on cost at Jain Book Agency,C-9, Connaught Place, New Delhi-1. =
(PH.=20
3355686, Fax.3731117).</P>
<P>Collecting information from International Trade Directories/=20
Journals/periodicals available in the libraries of Directorate General =
of=20
Commercial Intelligenceand Statistics, IIFT, EPCs, ITPO etc. A list of =
selected=20
trade directories published abroad is given in Appendix 5 of this =
book.</P>
<P>Making contacts with Trade Representatives of Overseas Govt. in India =
and=20
Indian Trade and Other Representatives/ International Trade Development=20
Authorities abroad. A list of international trade development =
authorities abroad=20
like Foreign Chambers of Commerce etc. is given in Nabhi's EXPORTERS =
MANUAL AND=20
DOCUMENTATION.</P>
<P>Reading biweekly, fortnightly, monthly bulletins such as Indian Trade =

Journal, Export Service Bulletin, Bulletins and Magazines issued and =
published=20
by Federation of Exporters' Organisations, ITPO, EPCs, Commodity Boards =
and=20
other allied agencies. A list of Indian Trade Periodicals containing =
names and=20
addresses of importers is given in Appendix 6 of this book.</P>
<P>Visiting Embassies, Consulates etc. of other countries and taking =
note of=20
addresses of importers for products proposed to be exported.</P>
<P>Advertising in newspapers having overseas editions and other foreign=20
newspapers and magazines etc.</P>
<P>Consulting ITPO,IIFT,etc.</P>
<P>Contacting authorised dealers in foreign exchange with whom exporter =
is=20
maintaining bank account.</P>
<P>Overseas importers can be contacted or informed about the products by =
the=20
following methods:</P>
<P>By corresponding and sending brochures and product literature to =
prospective=20
overseas buyers.</P>
<P>By undertaking trips to foreign markets and establishing personal =
rapport=20
with overseas buyers. The number of trips will depend on your budget and =

resources. But it is essential forlong-term success in international =
marketing=20
to establish personal rapport. Foreign trip will provide first-hand =
information=20
regarding the market, overseas customers, their requirement, taste, =
preference=20
and better out communication of the merits of exporters' products.</P>
<P>Participation in buyer-seller meets and meeting the members of =
foreign=20
delegation invited by Export Promotion Councils concerned.</P>
<P>Participation in international trade fairs, seminars.</P>
<P>Advertisement and publicity in overseas reputed newspapers and =
magazines.=20
Facilities of free publicity can be availed from Import Development =
Centres.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp8><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Selecting channels of=20
distribution</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>The following channels of distribution are generally utilised while =
exporting=20
to overseas markets :</P>
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>Exports through Export Consortia=20
  <LI>Export through Canalising Agencies=20
  <LI>Export through Other Established Merchant Exporters or Export =
Houses, or=20
  Trading Houses=20
  <LI>Direct Exports=20
  <LI>Export through Overseas Sales Agencies </LI></UL>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp9><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Negotiating with Prospective=20
Buyers</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>Whatever the channel of distribution for exporting to the overseas =
countries=20
is proposed to be is utilized, it is essential that the exporters should =
possess=20
the necessary skill for negotiating with the overseas channels of =
distribution.=20
The ability to negatiate effectively is needed for discussion with =
importers or=20
trade agents. While conducting business negotiations, the prospective =
exporter=20
should avoid conflict, controversy and criticism vis-`-vis the other =
party.=20
During conversation the attitude should be to communicate effectively. =
There=20
should be coherence, creativity, compromise, concessions, commonality,=20
consensus, commitment and compensation in business negotiations. The =
general=20
problem you may face is about pricing. The buyer's contention is that =
prices are=20
too high. It should be noted that though the price is only one of the =
many=20
issues that are discussed during business negotiations, it influences =
the entire=20
negotiating process.</P>
<P>Since this is the most sensitive issue in business negotiations, it =
should be=20
tactfully postponed until all the issues have been discussed and =
mutually agreed=20
upon. As far as the price is concerned, you should try to determine the =
buyer's=20
real interest in the product from the outset, only then a suitable =
counter=20
proposal should be presented. It should also be remembered that the =
buyer may=20
request modifications in presentation of the product. You should show =
the=20
willingness to meet such request, if possible, provided that it will =
result in=20
profitable export business. Price being the most important sales tool, =
it has to=20
be properly developed and presented.</P>
<P>Therefore, in order to create a favorable impression, minimize costly =
errors=20
and generate repeated business. The following points should be kept in =
mind=20
while preparing the price list:</P>
<P>Submit a typewritten list, printed on the regular bond paper and laid =
out=20
simply and clearly (with at least an inch between columns and between =
groupings)=20
Prominently indicate the name of your company, its full address, =
telephone and=20
fax numbers, including the country and city codes. Fully describe the =
items=20
being quoted. Group the items logically( i.e. all the fabrics together, =
all the=20
made-up together etc.).</P>
<P>Specify whether shipped by sea or by air, f.o.b. or c.i.f. and to =
what=20
port.</P>
<P>Quote exact amount and not rounded-off figures.</P>
<P>Mention the dates upto which the prices quoted will remain valid.</P>
<P>Where there is an internal reference number which must be quoted, to =
keep it=20
short (the buyer has no interest in this detail and the more complex it =
is, the=20
greater is the risk of error).</P>
<P>As regards the factors determining your price, please refer to =
'EXPORT=20
PRICING AND COSTING' </P>
<P>One main point regarding export pricing is that while negotiating =
with=20
overseas buyer, you may not remember the cost of a product. It may also =
be=20
difficult for you to remember the profit margin built in various prices =
quoted=20
by you. A clear jotting of this information is not free from the risk of =
being=20
leaked out to the competitors or to the overseas buyers.</P>
<P>Some coding is, therefore, essential for the prices quoted by you so =
that at=20
any stage/point of time, you can always utilise the information, =
enabling you to=20
profitably negotiate with the overseas buyer. This can be done by =
assigning=20
codes to the cost price.</P>
<P>For assigning codes to the cost price, you may select an English =
password=20
consisting of 10 separate letters, each letter to represent a numerical =
figure.=20
For example: 'CRAZY MOUTH' is the password selected by you, where C=3D1, =
R=3D2, A=3D3,=20
Z=3D4, Y=3D5, M=3D6, O=3D7, U=3D8, T=3D9, H=3D0. This password can be =
successfully used for=20
recognising various items of exports and their varieties.</P>
<P>Thus, a brass candle stand which is being quoted at Rs. 100(sale =
price) but=20
whose cost price to you is Rs 25.50 will be coded as item number 'RYYH' =
and then=20
assigned with a running serial number to make it more fascinating. You =
can=20
decode the word 'RYYH' to write as Rs 25.50 so as to get an idea of =
difference=20
between the Sale Price and the Cost Price, which will provide you the =
range=20
within which you can negotiate with overseas buyers.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp10><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Processing an Export=20
order</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>You should not be happy merely on receiving an export order. You =
should first=20
acknowledge the export order, and then proceed to examine carefully in =
respect=20
of items, specification, preshipment inspection, payment conditions, =
special=20
packaging, labeling and marketing requirements, shipment and delivery =
date,=20
marine insurance, documentation etc. if you are satisfied on these =
aspects, a=20
formal confirmation should be sent to the buyer, otherwise clarification =
should=20
be sought from the buyer before confirming the order. After confirmation =
of the=20
export order immediate steps should be taken for procurement/manufacture =
of the=20
export goods. In the meanwhile, you should proceed to enter into a =
formal export=20
contract with the overseas buyer.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
name=3Dp11><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Entering into an Export=20
contract</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
<P>In order to avoid disputes, it is necessary to enter into an export =
contract=20
with the overseas buyer. For this purpose, export contract should be =
carefully=20
drafted incorporating comprehensive but in precise terms, all relevant =
and=20
important conditions of the trade deal.</P>
<P>There should not be any ambiguity regarding the exact specifications =
of goods=20
and terms of sale including export price, mode of payment, storage and=20
distribution methods, type of packaging, port of shipment, delivery =
schedule=20
etc. The different aspects of an export contract are enumerated as under =
:</P>
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>Product, Standards and Specifications=20
  <LI>Quantity=20
  <LI>Inspection=20
  <LI>Total Value of Contract=20
  <LI>Terms of Delivery=20
  <LI>Taxes, Duties and Charges=20
  <LI>Period of Delivery/Shipment=20
  <LI>Packing, Labeling and Marking=20
  <LI>Terms of Payment-- Amount/Mode &amp; Currency=20
  <LI>Discounts and Commissions=20
  <LI>Licenses and Permits=20
  <LI>Insurance=20
  <LI>Documentary Requirements=20
  <LI>Guarantee=20
  <LI>Force Majeure of Excuse for Non-performance of contract=20
  <LI>Remedies=20
  <LI>Arbitration It will not be out of place to mention here the =
importance of=20
  arbitration clause in an export contract Court proceedings do not =
offer a=20
  satisfactory method for settlement of commercial disputes, as they =
involve=20
  inevitable delays, costs and technicalities. On the other hand, =
arbitration=20
  provides an economic, expeditious and informal remedy for settlement =
of=20
  commercial disputes. Arbitration proceedings are conducted in privacy =
and the=20
  awards are kept confidential. The Arbitrator is usually an expert in =
the=20
  subject matter of the dispute. The dates for arbitration meetings are =
fixed=20
  with the convenience of all concerned. Thus, arbitration is the most =
suitable=20
  way for settlements of commercial disputes and it may invariably be =
used by=20
  businessmen in their commercial dealings.=20
  <P>The Indian Council of Arbitration Federation House, Tansen Marg, =
New Delhi.=20
  (Ph. 3319251 Fax:3320714) is a specialized arbitration institution =
providing=20
  arbitration facilities for all types of domestic or international =
commercial=20
  disputes. You should use their services as far a possible.</P>
  <P>BRIEF SPECIMEN CONTRACT FORM FOR SALE PURCHASE TRANSACTIONS</P>
  <P>EXPORTS AND IMPORTS </P>
  <OL type=3DI>
    <LI>Name and address of the parties.......(state correct appellation =
and=20
    complete address of the parties)=20
    <P></P>
    <LI>We, the above named parties have entered into this contract for =
the=20
    sale/purchase, etc. ....... (state briefly the purpose of the =
contract) on=20
    this ........(date) at ........(place)..... subject to the following =
terms=20
    and conditions:=20
    <P></P>
    <OL type=3Da>
      <LI>Goods ................=20
      <LI>Quantity ...............Quality................. (Describe the =

      quantity, quality and the other specifications of the goods =
precisely as=20
      per the agreement. An agency for inspection/certification of =
quality=20
      and/or quantity may also be stipulated).=20
      <LI>Price................ Mode of payment =
...................(Quote the=20
      price, terms, i.e. ex-works/FOB(free on board) CIF(Cost, Insurance =
&amp;=20
      Freight) etc. in the currency agreed upon and describe the mode of =
payment=20
      i.e. payment against L/C(letter of credit)/DA (document against=20
      acceptance) /D/P(document against payment)etc. It is also =
desirable to=20
      mention the exchange rate.)=20
      <LI>Shipment...............(Specify date of delivery and the =
maximum=20
      period upto which delivery could be delayed and for which reasons, =
port of=20
      shipment and delivery should be mentioned).=20
      <LI>Packing and marking...............(Requirements to be =
specified=20
      precisely)=20
      <LI>Insurance .................(State the type of insurance cover=20
      required, i.e. FPA(free from particular average)/WA (with =
average)/ All=20
      Risks, etc. State also the party responsible for insurance)=20
      <LI>Brokerage/Commission ........(if any payable may be mentioned) =

      <LI>Passing of the property and of risk. The property or ownership =
of the=20
      goods and the risk shall finally pass to the buyer at such stage =
as the=20
      parties may agree, i.e. when the goods are delivered at the =
seller's place=20
      of work/pass the ship's rails/are covered by insurance etc. as per =
agreed=20
      terms). </LI></OL></LI></OL><STRONG>Arbitration</STRONG>=20
  <P>Arbitration clause recommended by the Indian Council of =
Arbitration: "All=20
  disputes or differences whatsoever arising between the parties out of =
relating=20
  to the construction, meaning and operation or effect of this contract =
or the=20
  breach thereof shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the =
rules of=20
  the arbitration of the Indian Council of Arbitration and the award =
made in=20
  pursuance thereof shall be binding on the parties."(or any other =
arbitration=20
  clause that may be agreed upon between the parties). 3.Any other =
special=20
  condition, prevalent in or relevant to the particular line of trade or =

  transaction, may also be specified.</P>
  <P>Sd/-Seller</P>
  <P>Sd/-Buyer</P>
  <P><STRONG>Notes:</STRONG> The above specimen contract form, drawn up =
in brief=20
  essentials, is meant for simple small scale transactions and is =
intended to=20
  draw the attention of the parties to important aspects of the trade =
deal in=20
  drafting the contract. The parties are free to add to or modify the =
terms as=20
  per the peculiar nature of their trade transaction. They may also =
consult with=20
  advantage, experienced commercial or arbitration bodies for the =
purpose or=20
  study published literature on the subject. The use of the arbitration =
clauses=20
  in commercial contracts is becoming increasingly commom, particularly =
in=20
  export-import transactions, with a view to promoting smooth and swift =
flow of=20
  business. The Indian Council of Arbitration (ICA) which is partly =
founded by=20
  the Government of India, provides comprehensive institutional =
arbitration=20
  service to all government departments and public undertakings as well =
as=20
  private traders, exporters and importers in India for amicable and =
quick=20
  settlement of all types of commercial disputes. It has been suggested =
by the=20
  Ministry of Commerce that all commercial organisations should make use =
of the=20
  arbitration clause of the Council in their commercial contracts with =
Indian=20
  and foreign parties.</P>
  <P></P>
  <DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
  name=3Dp12><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Export Pricing and=20
  Costing</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
  <P>Export pricing should be differentiated from export costing. Price =
is what=20
  we offer to the customer.Cost is the price that we pay/incur for the =
product.=20
  Price includes our profit margin, cost includes only expenses we have=20
  incurred. Export pricing is the most important tool for promoting =
sales and=20
  facing international competition. The price has to be realistically =
worked out=20
  taking into consideration all export benefits and expenses. However, =
there is=20
  no fixed formula for successful export pricing. It will differ from =
exporter=20
  to exporter depending upon whether the exporter is a merchant exporter =
or a=20
  manufacturer exporter or exporting through a canalising agency. You =
should=20
  also assess the strength of your competitor and anticipate the move of =
the=20
  competitor in the market. Pricing strategies will depend on various=20
  circumstantial situations. You can still be competitive with higher =
prices but=20
  with better delivery package or other advantages.</P>
  <P>Your prices will be determined by the following factors:</P>
  <UL>
    <LI>Range of products offered=20
    <LI>Prompt deliveries and continuity in supply=20
    <LI>After-sales service in products like machine tools, consumer =
durables=20
    <LI>Product differentiation and brand image=20
    <LI>Frequency of purchase=20
    <LI>Presumed relationship between quality and price=20
    <LI>Specialty value goods and gift items=20
    <LI>Credit offered=20
    <LI>Preference or prejudice for products originating from a =
particular=20
    source=20
    <LI>Aggressive marketing and sales promotion=20
    <LI>Prompt acceptance and settlement of claims=20
    <LI>Unique value goods and gift items </LI></UL>
  <P>Export Costing is basically Cost Accountant's job. It consists of =
fixed=20
  cost and variable cost comprising various elements. It is advisable to =
prepare=20
  an export costing sheet for every export product. For the format of =
the export=20
  costing sheet and other relevant details refer to Nabhi's EXPORTERS =
MANUAL AND=20
  DOCUMENTATION.As regards quoting the prices to the overseas buyer, the =
same=20
  are quoted in the following internationally accepted terms:</P>
  <P><STRONG>Ex-Works:</STRONG> 'Ex-works' means that your =
responsibility is to=20
  make goods available to the buyer at works or factory. The full cost =
and risk=20
  involved in bringing the goods from this place to the desired =
destination will=20
  be borne by the buyer. This term thus represents the minimum =
obligation for=20
  you. It is mostly used for sale of plantation commodities such as tea, =
coffee=20
  and cocoa.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Free on Rail(FOR):</STRONG> Free on Truck(FOT):These terms =
are used=20
  when the goods are to be carried by rail, but they are also used for =
road=20
  transport. Your obligations are fulfilled when the goods are delivered =
to the=20
  carrier.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Free Alongside Ship (FAS):</STRONG> Once the goods have =
been placed=20
  alongside the ship, your obligations are fulfilled and the buyer =
notified. The=20
  buyer has to contract with the sea carrier for the carriage of the =
goods to=20
  the destination and pay the freight. The buyer has to bear all costs =
and risks=20
  of loss or damage to the goods hereafter.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Free on Board (FOB):</STRONG> Your responsibility ends the =
moment=20
  the contracted goods are placed on board the ship, free of cost to the =
buyer=20
  at a port of shipment named in the sales contract. 'On board' means =
that a=20
  'Received for Shipment' B/L (Bill of Lading) is not sufficient. Such =
B/L if=20
  issued must be converted into 'Shipped on Board B/L' by using the =
stamp=20
  'Shipped on Board' and must bear signature of the carrier or his =
authorised=20
  representative together with date on which the goods were =
'boarded'.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Cost and Freight (C&amp;F):</STRONG> You must on your own =
risk and=20
  not as an agent of the buyer, contract for the carriage of the goods =
to the=20
  port of destination named in the sale contract and pay the freight. =
This being=20
  a shipment contract, the point of delivery is fixed to the ship's rail =
and the=20
  risk of loss or of damage to the goods is transferred from the seller =
to the=20
  buyer at that very point. As will be seen though you bear the cost of =
carriage=20
  to the named destination, the risk is already transferred to the buyer =
at the=20
  port of shipment itself.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Cost Insurance Freight (CIF):</STRONG> The term is =
basically the=20
  same as C&amp;F, but with the addition that you have to obtain =
insurance at=20
  your cost against the risks of loss or damage to the goods during the=20
  carriage.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Freight or Carriage Paid (DCP):</STRONG> While C&amp;F is =
used for=20
  goods which are to be carried by sea, the term "DCP" is used for land=20
  transport only, including national and international transport by =
road, rail=20
  and inland waterways. You have to contract for the carriage of the =
goods to=20
  the agreed destination named in the contract of the sale and pay =
freight. Your=20
  obligations are fulfilled when the goods are delivered to the first =
carrier=20
  and not beyond. In case the buyer desires you to insure the goods till =
the=20
  destination, he would add 'including insurance' before the word 'Paid =
in=20
  Freight' or 'Carriage Paid to'.</P>
  <P><STRONG>EXS/EX-Ship:</STRONG> This is an arrival contract and means =
that=20
  you make the goods available to the buyer in the ship at the named =
port of=20
  destination as per sales contract. You have to bear the full cost and =
risk=20
  involved in bringing the goods there. Your obligation is fulfilled =
before the=20
  customs border of the foreign country and it is for the buyer to =
obtain=20
  necessary import license at his own risk and expense.</P>
  <P><STRONG>EXQ/Ex-Quay:</STRONG> Ex-Quay means that you make the goods =

  available to the buyer at a named quay. As in the term 'Ex-Ship' the =
points of=20
  division of costs and risks coincide, but they have now been moved one =
step=20
  further -- from the ship into the quay or wharf i.e. after crossing =
the=20
  customs border at destination. Therefore, in addition to arranging for =

  carriage and paying freight and insurance you have to bear the cost of =

  unloading the goods from the ship.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Delivered at Frontier (DAF):</STRONG> The term is primarily =

  intended to be used when the goods are to be carried by rail or road. =
Your=20
  obligations are fulfilled when the goods have arrived at the frontier, =
but=20
  before the 'Customs border' of the country named in the sales =
contract.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Delivery Duty Paid (DDP):</STRONG> This term may be used=20
  irrespective of the type of transport involved and denotes your =
maximum=20
  obligation as opposed to 'Ex-Works'. You have not fulfilled his =
obligation=20
  till such time that the goods are made available at his risk and cost =
to the=20
  buyer at his premises or any other named destination. In the latter =
case=20
  necessary documents (e.g. transport document or Warehouse Warrant) =
will have=20
  to be made available to the buyer to enable him to take delivery of =
goods. The=20
  term 'duty' includes taxes, fees and charges.Therefore, the obligation =
to pay=20
  VAT (Value Added Tax) levied upon importation will fall upon you. It =
is,=20
  therefore, advisable to use 'exclusive of VAT' after the words 'duty=20
paid'.</P>
  <P><STRONG>FAO/FOB Airport:</STRONG> 'FOB Airport' is based on the =
same main=20
  principle as the ordinary FOB term. You fulfill your obligation by =
delivering=20
  the goods to the air carrier at the airport of departure. Without the =
buyer's=20
  approval delivery at a town terminal outside the airport is not =
sufficient,=20
  your obligations with respect to costs and risks do not extend to the =
arrival=20
  of the goods at the destination.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Free Carrier (Named Point) FRC:</STRONG> The term has been =
designed=20
  particularly to meet the requirements of modern transport like =
'multi-modal'=20
  transport as container or 'roll-on-roll-off' traffic by trailers and =
ferries.=20
  The principles on which the term is based is same as applicable to FOB =
except=20
  that the seller or the exporter fulfills his obligations when he =
delivers the=20
  goods into the custody of the carrier at the named point.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Freight Carriage and Insurance Paid (CIP):</STRONG> The =
term is=20
  similar to 'Freight or Carriage Paid to'. However, in case of CIP you =
have=20
  additionally to procure transport insurance against the risk of loss =
or damage=20
  to the goods during the carriage. You contract with the insurer and =
pay the=20
  insurance premium.</P>
  <DIV align=3Dright><A class=3Dover=20
  =
href=3D"http://www.indiandata.com/trade_policy/export_procedures.html#2">=
Back</A><BR><BR></DIV><A=20
  name=3Dp13><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Understanding risks in =
International=20
  trade</STRONG></FONT></A>=20
  <P>While selling abroad, you may undergo the following risks:</P>
  <OL type=3Di>
    <LI>Credit risk=20
    <LI>Currency risk=20
    <LI>Carriage risk=20
    <LI>Country risk </LI></OL>
  <P>These risks can be insured to a great extent by taking appropriate =
steps.=20
  Credit risk against the buyer can be covered by insisting upon an =
irrevocable=20
  letter of credit from the overseas buyer. An appropriate policy from =
Export=20
  Credit and Guarantee Corporation of India Ltd. can also be obtained =
for this=20
  purpose. Country risks are also covered by the ECGC. As regards =
currency risk,=20
  i.e. possible loss due to adverse fluctuation in exchange rate, You =
should=20
  obtain forward cover from your bank authorised to deal in foreign =
exchange.=20
  Alternatively, you should obtain export order in Indian rupee. =
Carriage risk,=20
  i.e. possible loss of cargo in transit can be covered by taking a =
marine=20
  insurance policy from the general insurance companies. =
</P></LI></UL></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D3></A><B>Registration</B>=20
<UL>
  <LI>Registration with Reserve Bank Of India: No longer required. Prior =
to=20
  1.1.1997 it was compulsory for every exporter to obtain an exporters' =
code=20
  number from the Reserve Bank of India before engaging in export. This =
has=20
  since been dispensed with and registration with the licensing =
authorities is=20
  sufficient before commencing export or import.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>Registration with Regional Licensing: Authorities (obtaining IEC =
Code=20
  Number) The Customs Authorities will not allow you to import or export =
goods=20
  into or from India unless you hold a valid IEC number. For obtaining =
IEC=20
  number you should apply to Regional Licensing Authority (list given in =

  Appendix 2) in duplicate in the prescribed form given in Appendix 1. =
Before=20
  applying for IEC number it is necessary to open a bank account in the =
name of=20
  your company / firm with any commercial bank authorised to deal in =
foreign=20
  exchange. The duly signed application form should be supported by the=20
  following documents:=20
  <P>Bank Receipt (in duplicates)/Demand Draft for payment of the fee of =
Rs.=20
  1,000/-.</P>
  <P>Certificate from the Banker of the applicant firm as per Annexure 1 =
to the=20
  form given in Appendix 1 of this Book.</P>
  <P>Two copies of Passport size photographs of the applicant duly =
attested by=20
  the banker to the applicants.</P>
  <P>A copy of Permanent Account Number issued by Income Tax =
Authorities. If PAN=20
  has not been allotted, a copy of application of PAN submitted to =
Income Tax=20
  Authorities.</P>
  <P>In case the application is signed by an authorised signatory, a =
copy of the=20
  letter of legal authority may be furnished.</P>
  <P>If there is any non-resident interest in the firm and NRI =
investment is to=20
  be made with repatriation benefits, a simple declaration indicating =
whether it=20
  is held with the general/specific permission of the RBI on the letter =
head of=20
  the firm should be furnished. In case of specific approval, a copy may =
also be=20
  furnished.</P>
  <P>Declaration by the applicant that the =
proprietors/partners/directors of the=20
  applicant firm/company, as the case may be, are not associated as=20
  proprietor/partners/directors with any other firm/company which has =
been=20
  caution-listed by the RBI. Where the applicant is so associated with a =

  caution-listed firm/company the IEC No. is allotted with a condition =
that he=20
  can export only with the prior approval of the RBI.</P>
  <P>Exporter's Profile as per form attached to Appendix 1 of this book =
(See=20
  Appendix 1A of this Book). The Regional Licensing Authority concerned =
will on=20
  merits grant an IEC number to the applicant. The number should =
normally be=20
  given within 3 days provided the application is complete in all =
respects and=20
  is accompanied by the prescribed documents. An IEC number allotted to =
an=20
  applicant shall be valid for all its branches/divisions as indicated =
on the=20
  IEC number.</P></LI></UL></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D4></A><B>Register With Export Promotion =
Council=20
</B><BR><FONT face=3Dverdana size=3D2>In order to enable you to obtain=20
benefits/concession under the export-import policy, you are required to =
register=20
yourself with an appropriate export promotion agency by obtaining=20
registration-cum- membership certificate.</FONT>=20
<P>For this purpose you should apply in the prescribed form, given at =
Appendix 3=20
of this Book to the Export Promotion Council relating to your main line =
of=20
business.</P>
<P>For list of Registering Agencies, please refer to Appendix 4 of this =
Book.=20
However, if the export is such that it is not covered by any EPC, RCMC =
in=20
respect thereof may be obtained from the Regional Licensing Authority=20
concerned.</P>
<P>An application for registration should be accompanied by a self =
certified=20
copy of the Importer-Exporter code number issued by the Regional =
Licensing=20
Authority concerned and bank certificate in support of the applicant's =
financial=20
soundness. In case an exporter desires to get registration as a =
manufacturer=20
exporter, he should furnish evidence to that effect. In the case of a=20
manufacturer exporter the licensing authority may seek copy of =
registration with=20
SSI/any other sponsoring authority in addition to the application in the =

prescribed form for the Import Export Code Number.</P>
<P>If the application for registration is granted, the EPC or FIEO shall =
issue=20
the RCMC indicating the status of the applicant as merchant exporter or=20
manufacturer exporter. The RCMC shall be valid for five years ending =
31st March=20
of the licensing year. The certificate shall be deemed to be valid from =
1st=20
April of the licensing year in which it was issued.</P>
<P>Registration With Sales Tax Authorities: Goods which are to be =
shipped out of=20
the country for export are eligible for exemption from both Sales Tax =
and=20
Central Sales Tax. For this purpose, you should get yourself registered =
with the=20
Sales Tax Authority of your state after following the procedure =
prescribed under=20
the Sales Tax Act applicable to your State.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D5></A><B>Despatching Samples =
</B><BR><FONT=20
face=3Dverdana size=3D2>As the overseas buyers generally insist for the =
samples=20
before placing confirmed orders, it is essential that the samples are=20
attractive, informative and have retention and reminder value. Besides, =
the=20
exporter should know the Government policy and procedures for export of =
samples=20
from India. He should also be aware about the cheapest modes of sending=20
samples.</FONT>=20
<P>In this connection, it is advised that the postal channel is =
comparatively=20
cheaper than sending samples by air. While sending samples through =
postal=20
channel due regard should be given to weight and dimension of the post =
parcels=20
as postal authorities have prescribed maximum weight and dimension for =
the post=20
parcels handled by them. Where it is not possible to send the samples by =
post=20
parcels, the same may be sent by air. So far as the Government policy =
regarding=20
export of samples is concerned, distinction has been made between export =
of=20
commercial samples and gift parcels. In terms of Para 11.4 of the Import =
Export=20
Policy as modified upto 31.3.1999, goods including edible items of value =
not=20
exceeding Rs.1,00,000 in a licensing year may be exported as a gift. =
Items=20
mentioned as restricted for exports in the ITC (HS) Classifications of =
Export=20
&amp; Import Items shall not be exported as a gift without a license =
except in=20
the case of edible items. Export of bonafide trade and technical samples =
having=20
indelible marking as "sample not for sale" is allowed freely without any =
limit.=20
However, in such cases where indelible marking is not available, the =
samples may=20
be allowed for a value not exceeding US $ 10,000, per consignment. In =
addition=20
the exporter has the option to avail the facility of free samples upto =
US $=20
5,000 or 1% of the preceding year's exports, whichever is higher. An =
application=20
for export of gifts/samples in excess of the limits specified above may =
be made=20
to the DGFT.</P>
<P>Special provisions have been made for export of garment samples. =
Garment=20
samples are allowed to be exported only by exporters who are registered =
with the=20
Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC) or the Wool and Woolen Export =
Promotion=20
Council for woolen Knitwears. Export of samples to be sent by post =
parcel or air=20
freight are further divided into 3 categories, namely : 1.Samples of =
value upto=20
Rs.10,000, 2.Samples of value less than Rs. 25,000, 3.Samples of value =
more than=20
Rs. 25,000.Where the value of the articles is less than Rs. 10,000, the =
exporter=20
should file a simple declaration that the sample does not involve =
foreign=20
exchange and its value is less than Rs. 10,000.Where the value of =
samples is=20
more than Rs. 10,000 but less than Rs. 25,000 you should obtain a value=20
certificate from the authorised dealer in foreign exchange (i.e. your =
bank). For=20
this purpose, you should submit a commercial invoice certifying thereon =
that the=20
parcel does not involve foreign exchange and the aggregate value of the =
samples=20
exported by you does not exceed Rs. 25,000 in the current calendar =
year.If the=20
value of samples exceeds Rs. 25,000 you should obtain Gr/PP waiver from =
the=20
Reserve Bank of India.</P>
<P>Export of trade samples is allowed by sea/air (as distinguished from=20
sea/airmail) without any value restriction, provided the customs =
authorities are=20
satisfied about the bona fide of the goods that they do not fall in the =
export=20
control restrictions. However, customs authorities may ask for suitable=20
documentary evidence in this regard viz. correspondence etc. with the =
overseas=20
buyer. Trade samples against which the foreign buyer agrees to make =
payment can=20
be exported in the same manner in which normal exports are effected. =
Samples can=20
also be carried personally by you while traveling abroad provided these =
are=20
otherwise permissible or cleared for export as explained earlier.</P>
<P>However, in case of precious jewelry/stone items, you should declare =
the same=20
to the customs authorities while leaving the country and obtain =
necessary=20
endorsement on export certificate issued by the Jewelry Appraiser of the =

Customs.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D6></A><B>Appointing Agents </B><BR><FONT =

face=3Dverdana size=3D2>Selling through an overseas agent is an =
effective strategy.=20
These agents serve as a source of market intelligence. Regularly sending =
the=20
latest trends on the current fashion, taste and price in the market. =
Being a man=20
on the spot, the agent is in a position to render his advice to exporter =
or new=20
methods and strategy for pushing up sales of your products. He also =
provides you=20
support in the matter of transportation, reservation of accommodation,=20
appointment with the government as and when required by you. In some =
countries=20
it is compulsory under their law to sell through local agents only. It =
is,=20
therefore, essential that you should carefully select your overseas=20
agent.</FONT>=20
<P>Consider the points listed below when appointing an Agent :</P>
<UL>
  <LI>Size of the agent's company=20
  <LI>Date of foundation of the agent's company=20
  <LI>Company's ownership and control=20
  <LI>Company's capital, funds, available and liabilities=20
  <LI>Name, age and experience of the company's senior executives=20
  <LI>Number, age and experience of the company's salesman=20
  <LI>Oher agencies that the company holds, including those of competing =

  products and turn-over of each=20
  <LI>Length of company's association with other principal=20
  <LI>New agencies that the company obtained or lost during the past =
year=20
  <LI>Company's total annual sales and the trends in its sales in recent =
years=20
  <LI>Company's sales coverage, overall and by area=20
  <LI>Number of sales calls per month and per salesman by company staff=20
  <LI>Any major obstacles expected in the company's sales growth=20
  <LI>Agent's capability to provide sales promotion and advertising =
services=20
  <LI>Agent's transport facilities and warehousing capacity=20
  <LI>Agent's rate of commission; payment terms required=20
  <LI>References on the agents from banks, trade associations and major =
buyers=20
  </LI></UL>
<P>Some source of information on agents are:</P>
<UL>
  <LI>Government Departments Trade Associations=20
  <LI>Chambers of Commerce=20
  <LI>Banks=20
  <LI>Independent Consultants=20
  <LI>Export Promotion Councils=20
  <LI>Advertisement Abroad. </LI></UL></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D7></A><B>Specimen Copy of Agreement =
</B><BR><FONT=20
face=3Dverdana size=3D2>An agreement made this the ....... day ....... =
of between=20
.......(name and address) hereinafter called the exporters of the first =
part and=20
........ (name and address) hereinafter called the importers of the =
second part,=20
wherein the exporters grant to the importers the importation and selling =
right=20
in the territory of ..........(fill name of country) for .........(names =
and=20
brief description of product) subject to the terms and conditions given =
below=20
:</FONT>=20
<OL type=3Di>
  <LI>The exporter agrees that during the currency of the agreement he =
will not=20
  correspond or in any way deal with any part in the territory specified =
unless=20
  requested to do so by the importers.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The exporter agrees that any orders or enquiries relating to the =
specified=20
  territory received by him during the currency of this agreement will =
be passed=20
  on to the importers to deal with.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The exporter agrees that he will make shipment of all orders =
received from=20
  the importers by earliest shipping opportunity unless prevented from =
so doing=20
  by circumstances beyond the former's control.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The exporter agrees to charge the importers for all goods ordered =
during=20
  the currency of this agreement the prices detailed in Price List No. =
.........=20
  appended to this agreement unless any order is received at least one =
month=20
  after notification of price changes by the exporter to the importer.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The exporter agrees to pay the importer commission on ......... =
(fill in=20
  the dates of each year during the currency of this agreement) at the =
rate of=20
  ...... per cent of ....... the F.O.B. value of all orders =
satisfactorily=20
  completed during the ...... months preceding the dates specified.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The exporter agrees that he will allow to the importers ........ =
per cent=20
  ....... of the value of all business satisfactorily completed with the =

  importers during the currency of this agreement as contribution =
towards the=20
  importer's costs in publicising the products covered by this =
agreement. This=20
  allowance is to be settled by deduction from the manufacturer's =
invoices to=20
  the importers.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The importers agree that during the currency of this agreement =
they will=20
  not sell, recommend or in any other way deal with any competing or =
rivaling=20
  lines in the territory specified.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The importers agree that they will use their best efforts and =
endeavors at=20
  all times during the currency of this agreement to promote the sales =
of=20
  products covered by this agreement.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The importers agree that they will make net and full payment for =
all goods=20
  ordered through confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit established =
in=20
  ........... (name of manufacturer's town or city). OR The importers =
agree that=20
  they will make net and full payment for all goods ordered against =
presentation=20
  of draft and shipping documents in ......... (name of importer's town =
or=20
  city). OR The importers agree that they will immediately upon =
presentation at=20
  ......... and retire such drafts net and in full upon maturity.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The importers agree that they will write to the manufacturer at =
least once=20
  each calendar month and will send to the manufacturer a full market =
report on=20
  the prospects for sale of the products covered by this agreement every =
six=20
  months.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>The importer agrees that they will place regular and adequate =
order with=20
  the manufacturer amounting in total to not less than ........ during =
the first=20
  calendar year and not less than Rs. .......... in each and every =
subsequent=20
  year during the currency of this agreement.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>This agreement shall become valid with effect from the date of =
shipment of=20
  the substantial order amounting in value of not less than Rs. ........ =
and=20
  remain in force for a period of twelve calendar months there from =
subject to=20
  either party being at liberty to terminate this agreement without =
notice in=20
  the event of the other party being in breach of any of the terms and=20
  conditions stated herein.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>Notwithstanding anything herein aforesaid if during the first =
twelve=20
  calendar months the importers have placed satisfactory orders with the =

  exporters amounting to not less than Rs. ....... this agreement shall =
be=20
  automatically renewed year after year provided that in the twelve =
calendar=20
  months immediately preceding the expiry date satisfactorily business =
amounting=20
  in total to not less than Rs. ....... has been placed by the importers =
with=20
  the manufacturer.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI>Any disputes arising under this agreement shall be settled in =
accordance=20
  with Indian Law in (.............) </LI></OL>
<P>Witness.............. (Exporter)</P>
<P>Witness.............. (Importer)</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D8></A><B>Acquire Export License =
</B><BR><FONT=20
face=3Dverdana size=3D2><STRONG>Exports free unless regulated:</STRONG> =
The current=20
Export Licensing Policy of the Government of India is contained in the =
new=20
Import Export Policy and Procedures, 1997-2002 as amended upto =
31.3.1999. The=20
Policy and Procedures are amended from time to time and for latest =
position=20
kindly refer to. However, for the sake of information of the prospective =

exporters, it may be stated that all goods may be exported without any=20
restriction except to the extent such exports are regulated by the ITC =
(HS)=20
Classifications of Export and Import items or any other provisions of =
this=20
policy or any other law for the time being in force. The Director =
General of=20
Foreign Trade may, however, specify through a Public Notice such terms =
and=20
conditions according to which any goods, not included in the ITC (HS)=20
Classifications of Export and Import items may be exported without a =
license.=20
Such terms and conditions may include Minimum Export Price (MEP), =
registration=20
with specified authorities, quantitative ceilings and compliance with =
other=20
laws, rules, regulations.</FONT>=20
<P><STRONG>Application for an Export License:</STRONG> An application =
for grant=20
of export license in respect of items mentioned in Schedule 2 of ITC =
(HS)=20
Classifications of Export and Import items may be made in the form given =
in=20
Appendix-18A or 18B or 18C, as the case may be, to the Director General =
of=20
Foreign Trade and shall be accompanied by the documents prescribed =
therein. The=20
Export Licensing Committee under the Chairmanship of Export Commissioner =
shall=20
consider such applications on merits for issue of export licenses =
special High=20
Powered Licensing Committee under the Chairmanship of Director General =
of=20
Foreign Trade shall consider applications for export of dual purpose =
chemicals=20
and for special materials, equipment and technologies, as specified in =
Schedule=20
2 Appendix 5 and Schedule 2 Appendix 6 respectively of the book p 7 3 =
titled=20
ITC(HS) Classifications of Export and Import items on the basis of =
guidelines=20
issued in this regard from time to time.</P>
<P><STRONG>Export of Canalised Items:</STRONG> An application for export =
of=20
canalised items mentioned in ITC (HS) Classifications of Export and =
Import items=20
may be made to the Director General of Foreign Trade.</P>
<P><STRONG>Trade Fairs/Exhibitions:</STRONG> Any Indian wishing to =
organise any=20
Trade Fair/Exhibition in India or abroad, would be required to obtain a=20
certificate from an officer of the rank not below that of an Under =
Secretary to=20
the Government of India, in the Ministry of Commerce, or an Officer of =
India=20
Trade Promotion Organisation, duly authorised by its chairman in this =
behalf, to=20
the effect that such exhibition, fair or as the case may be, similar =
show or=20
display, has been approved or sponsored by the Government of India in =
the=20
Ministry of Commerce or the India Trade Promotion Organisation and the =
same is=20
being held in public interest.</P>
<P><STRONG>Gifts/Spares/Replacement Goods:</STRONG> For export of gifts, =

indigenous/imported spares and replacement goods in excess of the =
prescribed=20
ceiling/period, an application may be made to the Director General of =
Foreign=20
Trade.</P>
<P><STRONG>Export through Courier Service:</STRONG> Import/Exports =
through a=20
registered courier service is permitted as per the Notification issued =
by the=20
Department of Revenue. However, importability/exportability of such =
items shall=20
be regulated in accordance with the policy.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D9></A><B>Acquire Export Credit Insurance =

</B><BR><FONT face=3Dverdana size=3D2>Export credit insurance protects =
you from the=20
consequences of the payment risks, both political and commercial. It =
enables you=20
to expand your overseas business without fear of loss. Further, it =
creates a=20
favorable climate for you under which you can hope to get timely and =
liberal=20
credit facilities from the banks at home.</FONT>=20
<P>You can obtain Export Credit Insurance from the Export Credit and =
Guarantee=20
Corporation of India Limited. In order to provide you Export Credit =
Insurance,=20
the following covers are issued by the ECGC :</P>
<P>Standard policies to protect you against the risk of not p 7 3 =
receiving=20
payment while trading with overseas buyers on short-term credit.</P>
<P>Specific policies designed to protect you against the risk of not =
receiving=20
payment in respect of:</P>
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>exports on deferred payment terms=20
  <LI>services rendered to foreign parties=20
  <LI>construction work, including turnkey projects undertaken abroad =
</LI></UL>
<P>The policies are either:</P>
<P>Whole Turnover Policies in the form of 'Open Cover' in respect of =
shipments=20
made during 24 months period. You have to obtain credit limit on each =
one of=20
your buyers to enable ECGC to approve a limit on the basis of credit =
worthiness=20
of the buyer. These policies are basically similar to whole turnover =
policies=20
but only apply to specific contracts.</P>
<P>Specific Policies for exports of capital goods on medium or long-term =
credit,=20
turnkey projects, civil construction works and technical services.These =
policies=20
are basically similar to whole turnover policies but only apply to =
specific=20
contracts.</P>
<P>Financial guarantees issued to banks against risk involved in =
providing=20
credit or guarantee facilities to you, and</P>
<P>Special schemes viz. transfer guarantee issued to protect banks which =
add=20
confirmation to letters of credit, Insurance cover for Buyers' Credit, =
Lines of=20
Credit, Joint Ventures and Overseas Investment Insurance, and Exchange=20
Fluctuation Risk Insurance. The other guarantees which banks can offer =
to=20
youthrough ECGC schemes are :--- Bid Bonds,--- Advance Payments =
Guarantee,---=20
Bank guarantee for due performance of the contract by the =
exporter,---Bank=20
guarantee for payment of retention money,--- Bank guarantee for loans in =
foreign=20
currencies. Details of these schemes can be obtained from your own =
banker or=20
local office of the Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation of India =
Ltd.</P>
<P>The Shipments (Comprehensive Risks) Policy is the one ideally suited =
to cover=20
risks in respect of goods exported on short-term credit. Shipments to =
associates=20
or to agents and those against letter of credit can be covered for only=20
political risks by suitable endorsements to the shipments (comprehensive =
risks)=20
Policy. Premium is charged on such shipments at lower rates.</P>
<P>For obtaining a policy you should apply to the nearest office of the =
ECGC in=20
the prescribed Form no.121 (obtainable from ECGC) along with the =
following=20
documents :</P>
<P></P>
<OL type=3Di>
  <LI>Bank Certificate about the financial position=20
  <LI>Application form for fixing the credit limit=20
  <LI>Name/address of foreign buyer fixing sub-limits </LI></OL>
<P>After examining the proposal, ECGC would send the exporter an offer =
letter=20
stating the terms of its cover and premium rates. The policy will be =
issued=20
after the exporter conveys his consent to the premium rate and pays a=20
non-refundable policy fee of Rs. 100 for policies with maximum liability =
limit p=20
7 3 upto Rs. 5 lakhs; Rs. 200 between Rs. 5 lakhs and Rs. 20 lakhs and =
Rs. 100=20
for each additional Rs. 10 lakhs or part thereof subject to a ceiling of =
Rs.=20
2500.As commercial risks are not covered in the absence of a credit =
limit, you=20
are advised to apply to ECGC for approval of credit limit on buyer in =
the=20
prescribed Form No:144 (obtainable from ECGC) before making shipment. =
Credit=20
limit is the limit upto which claim can be paid under the policy for =
losses on=20
account of commercial risks. If no application for credit limit on a =
buyer has=20
been made, ECGC accepts liability for commercial risks upto a maximum of =
Rs.=20
5,00,000 for D.P./C.A.D. transactions and Rs. 2,00,000 for D.A. =
transactions=20
provided that at least three shipments have been effected to the buyer =
during=20
the preceding two years on similar terms, at least one of them was not =
less than=20
the discretionary limit availed of by the exporter and the buyer had =
made=20
payment on the due dates.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D10></A><B>Arranging Finance =
</B><BR><FONT=20
face=3Dverdana size=3D2>Financial assistance to the exporters are =
generally provided=20
by Commercial Banks, before shipment as well as after shipment of the =
said=20
goods. The assistance provided before shipment of goods is known as =
per-shipment=20
finance and that provided after the shipment of goods is known as =
post-shipment=20
finance.Pre-shipment finance is given for working capital for purchase =
of=20
raw-material, processing, packing, transportation, ware-housing etc. of =
the=20
goods meant for export. Post-shipment finance is provided for bridging =
the gap=20
between the shipment of goods and realization of export proceeds. The =
later is=20
done by the Banks by purchasing or negotiating the export documents or =
by=20
extending advance against export bills accepted on collection basis. =
While doing=20
so, the Banks adjust the pre-shipment advance, if any, already granted =
to the=20
exporter.</FONT>=20
<P><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Pre-Shipment =
Finance</STRONG></FONT></P>
<P>An application for pre-shipment advance should be made by you to your =
banker=20
along with the following documents:</P>
<P>Confirmed export order/contract or L/C etc. in original. Where it is =
not=20
available, an undertaking to the effect that the same will be produced =
to the=20
bank within a reasonable time for verification and endorsement should be =
given.=20
An undertaking that the advance will be utilised for the specific =
purpose of=20
procuring/manufacturing/shipping etc., of the goods meant for export =
only, as=20
stated in the relative confirmed export order or the L/C. If you are a=20
sub-supplier and want to supply the goods to the Export/Trading/Star =
Trading=20
House or Merchant Exporter, an undertaking from the Merchant</P>
<P>Exporter or Export/Trading/Star Trading House stating that they have =
not/will=20
p 7 3 not avail themselves of packing credit facility against the same=20
transaction for the same purpose till the original packing credit is =
liquidated.=20
Copies of Income Tax/Wealth Tax assessment Order for the last 2-3 years =
in the=20
case of sole proprietary and partnership firm. Copy of Exporter's Code =
Number=20
(CNX). Copy of a valid RCMC (Registration-cum-Membership Certificate) =
held by=20
you and/or the Export/Trading/StarTrading House Certificate. Appropriate =

policy/guarantee of the ECGC.</P>
<P>Any other document required by the Bank. For encouraging exports, =
R.B.I. has=20
instructed the banks to grant preshipment advance at a concessional rate =
of=20
interest. The present rate of interest is 10% p.a. for preshipment =
advance upto=20
an initial period of 180 days. Preshipment advance for a further period =
of 90=20
days is given at the concessional rate of 13% p.a. Banks are free to =
determine=20
the interest rate for advances beyond 270 days and upto 360 days.</P>
<P>Following special schemes are also available in respect of =
pre-shipment=20
finance: </P>
<P>Exim Bank's scheme for grant of foreign currency pre-shipment credit =
to=20
exporters for financing cost of imported inputs for manufacture of =
export=20
products.</P>
<P>Scheme of export packing credit to sub-suppliers from export =
order.</P>
<P>Packing credit for deemed exports.</P>
<P>Pre-shipment Credit in Foreign Currency (PCFC). For further details =
refer to=20
Nabhi's "How to Borrow from Financial and Banking Institutions".</P>
<P><FONT color=3D#cf0030><STRONG>Post Shipment =
Finance</STRONG></FONT></P>
<P>Post-shipment finance is the finance provided against shipping =
documents. It=20
is also provided against duty drawback claims. It is provided in the =
following=20
forms:</P>
<P><STRONG>Purchase of Export Documents drawn under Export =
Order:</STRONG>=20
Purchase or discount facilities in respect of export bills drawn under =
confirmed=20
export order are generally granted to the customers who are enjoying =
Bill=20
Purchase/Discounting limits from the Bank. As in case of purchase or =
discounting=20
of export documents drawn under export order, the security offered under =
L/C by=20
way of substitution of credit-worthiness of the buyer by the issuing =
bank is not=20
available, the bank financing is totally dependent upon the credit =
worthiness of=20
the buyer, i.e. the importer, as well as that of the exporter or the=20
beneficiary. The documents dawn on DP basis are parted with through =
foreign=20
correspondent only when payment is received while in case of DA bills =
documents=20
(including that of title to the goods) are passed on to the overseas =
importer=20
against the acceptance of the draft to make payment on maturity. DA =
bills are=20
thus unsecured. The bank financing against export bills is open to the =
risk of=20
non-payment. Banks, in order to enhance security, generally opt for ECGC =

policies and guarantees which are issued in favor of the exporter/banks =
to=20
protect their interest on percentage basis in case of non-payment or =
delayed=20
payment which is not on account of mischief, mistake or negligence on =
the part=20
of exporter. Within the total limit of policy issued to the customer,=20
drawee-wise limits are generally fixed for individual customers. At the =
time of=20
purchasing the bill bank has to ascertain that this drawee limit is not =
exceeded=20
so as to make the bank ineligible for claim in case of non-payment.</P>
<P><STRONG>Advances against Export Bills Sent on Collection:</STRONG> It =
may=20
sometimes be possible to avail advance against export bills sent on =
collection.=20
In such cases the export bills are sent by the bank on collection basis =
as=20
against their purchase/discounting by the bank. Advance against such =
bills is=20
granted by way of a 'separate loan' usually termed as 'post-shipment =
loan'. This=20
facility is, in fact, another form of post- shipment advance and is =
sanctioned=20
by the bank on the same terms and conditions as applicable to the =
facility of=20
Negotiation/Purchase/Discount of export bills. A margin of 10 to 25% is, =

however, stipulated in such cases. The rates of interest etc., =
chargeable on=20
this facility are also governed by the same rules. This type of facility =
is,=20
however, not very popular and most of the advances against export bills =
are made=20
by the bank by way of negotiation/purchase/discount.</P>
<P><STRONG>Advance against Goods Sent on Consignment Basis:</STRONG> =
When the=20
goods are exported on consignment basis at the risk of the exporter for =
sale and=20
eventual remittance of sale proceeds to him by the agent/consignee, bank =
may=20
finance against such transaction subject to the customer enjoying =
specific limit=20
to that effect. However, the bank should ensure while forwarding =
shipping=20
documents to its overseas branch/correspondent to instruct the latter to =
deliver=20
the document only against Trust Receipt/Undertaking to deliver the sale =
proceeds=20
by specified date, which should be within the prescribed date even if =
according=20
to the practice in certain trades a bill for part of the estimated value =
is=20
drawn in advance against the exports.</P>
<P><STRONG>Advance against Undrawn Balance:</STRONG> In certain lines of =
export=20
it is the trade practice that bills are not to be drawn for the full =
invoice=20
value of the goods but to leave small part undrawn for payment after =
adjustment=20
due to difference in rates, weight, quality etc. to be ascertained after =

approval and inspection of the goods. Banks do finance against the =
undrawn=20
balance if undrawn balance is in conformity with the normal level of =
balance=20
left undrawn in the particular line of export subject to a maximum of =
10% of the=20
value of export and an undertaking is obtained from the exporter that he =
will,=20
within 6 months from due date of payment or the date of shipment of the =
goods,=20
whichever is earlier surrender balance proceeds of the shipment. Against =
the=20
specific prior approval from Reserve Bank of India the percentage of =
undrawn=20
balance can be enhanced by the exporter and the finance can be made =
available=20
accordingly at higher rate. Since the actual amount to be realised out =
of the=20
undrawn balance, may be less than the undrawn balance, it is necessary =
to keep a=20
margin on such advance.</P>
<P><STRONG>Advance against Retention Money:</STRONG> Banks also grant =
advances=20
against retention money, which is payable within one year from the date =
of=20
shipment, at a concessional rate of interest up to 90 days. If such =
advances=20
extend beyond one year, they are treated as deferred payment advances =
which are=20
also eligible for concessional rate of interest.</P>
<P><STRONG>Advances against Claims of Duty Drawback:</STRONG> Duty =
Drawback is=20
permitted against exports of different categories of goods under the =
'Customs=20
and Central Excise Duty Drawback Rules, 1995'. Drawback in relation to =
goods=20
manufactured in India and exported means a rebate of duties chargeable =
on any=20
imported materials or excisable materials used in manufacture of such =
goods in=20
India or rebate on excise duty chargeable under Central Excises Act, =
1944 on=20
certain specified goods. The Duty Drawback Scheme is administered by =
Directorate=20
of Duty Drawback in the Ministry of Finance. The claims of duty drawback =
are=20
settled by Custom House at the rates determined and notified by the =
Directorate.=20
As per the present procedure, no separate claim of duty drawback is to =
be filed=20
by the exporter. A copy of the shipping bill presented by the exporter =
at the=20
time of making shipment of goods serves the purpose of claim of duty =
drawback as=20
well. This claim is provisionally accepted by the customs at the time of =

shipment and the shipping bill is duly verified. The claim is settled by =
customs=20
office later. As a further incentive to exporters, Customs Houses at =
Delhi,=20
Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Chandigarh, Hyderabad have evolved a =
simplified=20
procedure under which claims of duty drawback are settled immediately =
after=20
shipment and no funds of exporter are blocked.</P>
<P>However, where settlement is not possible under the simplified =
procedure=20
exporters may obtain advances against claims of duty drawback as =
provisionally=20
certified by customs.</P>
<P><STRONG>Negotiation of Export documents Drawn under L/C:</STRONG> =
This aspect=20
has been discussed in the chapter on Special Care for negotiation of =
Export=20
Documents under Letter of Credit.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D11></A><B>Rates of Interest =
</B><BR><FONT=20
face=3Dverdana size=3D2>The rate of interest depends on the nature of =
the Bills,=20
i.e., whether it is a demand bill or usance bill. Like pre-shipment,=20
post-shipment finance is also available at concessional rate of =
interest.=20
Present Rates of interest are as under:</FONT>=20
<P>Demand Bills for transit period Not exceeding ( as specified by =
FEDAI) 10%=20
p.a.</P>
<P>Usance Bills (for total period comprising usance period of ex-port =
bills,=20
transit period as specified by FEDAI and grace period, wherever =
applicable:</P>
<P></P>
<OL type=3Da>
  <LI>Upto 90 days 10% p.a.=20
  <LI>Beyond 90 days and upto six 12% p.a.months from the date of =
shipment.=20
  <LI>Beyond six months from the 20% date of Shipment (Minimum) =
</LI></OL>
<P>Against duty drawback etc., receive- Not exce-vable from Government =
covered=20
by adding 10%ECGC guarantees (upto 90 days) p.a. 4. Against undrawn =
balance=20
(upto 90 days) -- do -- 5.Against retention money (for suppl- -- do -- =
ies=20
portion only) payable within one year from the date of shipment (upto90=20
days)</P>
<P><STRONG>Normal Transit Period:</STRONG> Foreign Exchange Dealers =
Association=20
of India (FEDAI) has fixed transit period for export bills drawn on =
different=20
countries in the world. The concept of this transit period is that an =
export=20
bill should normally be realised within that period. The transit period =
so fixed=20
by FEDAI is known as 'Normal Transit Period' and mainly depends on =
geographical=20
location of a particular country.</P>
<P><STRONG>Direct and Indirect Bill:</STRONG> If the currency of the =
bill is the=20
same as the currency of the country on which it is drawn, it is termed =
as direct=20
bill, e.g. an export bill in US $ drawn on a place in U.S.A. However, if =
the=20
currency of the bill in which it is drawn is different than the currency =
of the=20
country on which it is drawn, it is termed as indirect bill, e.g. an =
export bill=20
in US $ drawn on a place in Japan. The normal transit period fixed for =
indirect=20
bill is on higher side as compared to transit period fixed for direct =
bills.</P>
<P><STRONG>Notional Due Date:</STRONG> To determine the due date of an =
export=20
bill we have to consider the following 3 components: (1) Normal transit =
period=20
as fixed by FEDAI (2) Usance period of the bill (3) Grace period if =
applicable=20
in the country on which the bill is drawn. Grace period is applicable =
only in=20
the case of usance bills. The notional due date of an export bill may =
thus be=20
calculated after adding all the above 3 components The concessional rate =
of=20
interest is chargeable upto the notional due date subject to a maximum =
of 90=20
days.</P>
<P><STRONG>FORFAITING FINANCE BY AUTHORISED DEALERS:</STRONG> Reserve =
Bank has=20
now permitted the authorised dealers (Banks) to arrange forfeiting of =
medium=20
term export receivables p 7 3 on the same lines as per the scheme of =
EXIM Bank=20
and many International forfeiting agencies have now become active in =
Indian=20
market. Forfeiting may be usefully employed as an additional window of =
export=20
finance particularly for exports to those countries for which normal =
exports=20
credit is not intended by the commercial banks.It must be noted that =
charges of=20
forfaiting are eventually to be passed on to the ultimate buyer and =
should,=20
therefore, be so declared on relative export declaration forms.</P>
<P><STRONG>EXTERNAL COMMERCIAL BORROWINGS:</STRONG> Proposals for =
raising=20
foreign currency loans/credits viz., Buyer's Credits, Supplier's Credits =
or=20
Lines of Credits by firms/companies/lending institutions, banks, etc. =
for=20
financing cost of import of goods, technology or for any other purposes, =
other=20
than short-term loans/credits maturing within one year should first be =
submitted=20
to government of India, Ministry of Finance (Department Economic =
Affairs), ECB=20
Division, New Delhi for necessary clearance. The proposals are =
considered by the=20
government on merits of each case and in the light of prevailing =
Government=20
policy. For details refer to (1) NABHI'S FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANUAL &amp; =
(2)=20
NABHI'S MANUAL OF SEBI GUIDELINES ON CAPITAL ISSUES, EURO ISSUES, =
MERCHANT=20
BANKNG &amp; MUTUAL FUNDS</P>
<P><STRONG>EXIM BANK FINANCE:</STRONG> Besides commercial banks,export =
finance=20
is also made available by the EXIM bank. The EXIM bank provides =
financial=20
assistance to promote Indian exports through direct financial assistance =
,=20
overseas investment finance, term finance for export production and =
export=20
development, pre-shipment credit, lines of credit, re-lending facility, =
export=20
bills re-discounting, refinance to commercial banks, finance for =
computer=20
software exports, finance for export marketing and bulk import finance =
to=20
commercial banks. The EXIM Bank also extends non-funded facility to =
Indian=20
exports in the form of guarantees. The diversified lending programme of =
the EXIM=20
Bank now covers various stages of exports, i.e. from the development =
export=20
markets to expansion of production capacity for exports, production for =
export=20
and post shipment financing. The EXIM Bank's focus is on export of =
manufactured=20
goods, project exports, exports of technology, services and export of =
computer=20
software.</P>
<P><STRONG>Forfaiting Finance from EXIM Bank:</STRONG> A new financing =
option=20
for the Indian exporters is available under the forfaiting finance =
Scheme=20
recently introduced by the EXIM Bank. Forfaiting is a form of trade =
finance=20
involving discounting of medium-term export receivables with or without =
recourse=20
to the exporter. The arrangement envisages discounting by Indian =
exporters of=20
bill of exchange/promissory notes relating to export transactions which =
are=20
"avalised" or guaranteed by the buyer's bankers with overseas forfaiting =

agencies on "without recourse" basis.Briefly, the procedure involved in =
the=20
scheme of for p 7 3 faiting finance by the Exim Bank is as follows:</P>
<P>Exporter initiates negotiations with the prospective overseas buyer =
with=20
regard to the basic contract price, period of credit, rate of interest, =
etc.,=20
After successful negotiations, he furnishes the relevant particulars =
such as=20
name and country of overseas buyer, contract value, nature of goods, =
tenure of=20
credit, name and country of guaranteeing bankers to the Exim Bank and =
requests=20
for an indicative discounting quote. Exim Bank obtains the indicative =
quote of=20
forfaiting discount together with commitment fee and other charges, if =
any, to=20
be paid by the exporter, from an overseas forfaiting agency.</P>
<P>On receipt of the indicative quote from the Exim Bank, the exporter =
finalises=20
the terms of the contract, loading the discount and other charges in the =
value=20
and approaches Exim Bank for obtaining a firm quote. Exim Bank arranges =
to get=20
the same from an appropriate overseas forfaiting agency and furnishes =
the same=20
to the exporter. At this stage, exporter would be required to confirm =
acceptance=20
of the arrangement to Exim Bank within a specific period as stipulated =
by that=20
Bank.</P>
<P>The export contract clearly indicates that the overseas buyer shall =
prepare a=20
series of avalised Promissory Notes in favour of the exporter and hand =
them over=20
against the shipping documents to his banker. The Prommissory Notes will =
be=20
endorsed with the words without recourse by the exporter and handed over =
to his=20
banker in India for onward transmission to the Exim Bank.</P>
<P>Alternatively, the export contract may provide for exporter to draw a =
series=20
of Bills of exchange on the overseas buyer which will be sent with the =
shipping=20
documents through latter's banker for acceptance by the overseas buyer. =
Overseas=20
buyer's banker will handover the documents against acceptance of Bills =
of=20
Exchange by the buyer and signature of 'aval' or the guaranteeing bank. =
Avalised=20
and accepted bills of exchange will be returned to the exporter through =
his=20
banker. Exporter will endorse avalised Bills of Exchange with the words =
'without=20
recourse' and return them to his banker for onward transmission to the =
Exim=20
Bank.</P>
<P>Exim Bank will forward the Bills of Exchange/Promissory Notes after=20
verification to the forfaiting agency for discounting by the latter.</P>
<P>Exim Bank will arrange to collect the discounted proceeds of =
Promissory=20
Notes/Bills of Exchange from the overseas forfaiting agency and effect =
payment=20
to the nostro account of the exporter's bank as per the latter's=20
instruction.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D12></A><B>Understand Foreign Exchange =
Rates &amp;=20
Protect Against their Adverse Movement </B>
<OL type=3DI>
  <LI><STRONG>Exchange Rates:</STRONG> Export contracts are concluded =
either in=20
  Indian rupee or in foreign currency. Where the contracts are in Indian =
rupee,=20
  the related documents are also prepared in Indian rupees and no =
conversion is=20
  involved. However, where the bill is drawn in foreign currency, like =
US $, ,=20
  DM etc., you will get Indian rupees only after the conversion of =
foreign=20
  currency at the appropriate exchange rate. Thus the exchange rates =
become very=20
  important to determine the Indian rupees payable. A favorable exchange =
rate=20
  will fetch you more rupees and vice-versa. It, therefore, becomes =
essential=20
  for you to gain some basic knowledge about exchange rate, the working =
out of=20
  its quotation by the banks, the factors determining the exchange rates =
in the=20
  market and the precautions you should take so as to avoid possible =
losses in=20
  future, due to adverse movement of the exchange rates. In the =
following=20
  paragraphs we shall endeavor to explain these issues. The rates =
applied by the=20
  banks for converting foreign currency into Indian rupees and vice =
versa are=20
  known as exchange rates. In other words, exchange rate is the rate at =
which=20
  one currency can be exchanged for another. There are two systems of =
quoting=20
  exchange rates :=20
  <P></P>
  <OL type=3Da>
    <LI><STRONG>Direct Quotation:</STRONG> Where the price of foreign =
currency=20
    is quoted in terms of home or local currency. In this system =
variable units=20
    of home currency equivalent to a fixed unit of foreign currency is =
quoted.=20
    For example : US $ 1 =3D Rs. 40.00=20
    <P></P>
    <LI><STRONG>Indirect Quotation:</STRONG> Where exchange rates are =
quoted in=20
    terms of variable units of foreign currency as equivalent to a fixed =
number=20
    of units of home currency. For example : US $ 2,500 =3D Rs. 40.00 =
Till=20
    1.8.1993 banks were required to quote all the rates on indirect =
basis as=20
    foreign currency equivalent to Rs. 100 except in case of =
sale/purchase of=20
    foreign currency notes and traveller cheques where exchange rates on =
direct=20
    quotation basis were quoted.=20
    <P></P></LI></OL>From 2.8.1993 banks are quoting rates on direct =
basis=20
  only.There is distinction between inter-bank exchange rates and =
merchant=20
  rates. Merchant rates are the exchange rates applied by the bankers =
for=20
  transactions with their customers for various purposes, such as =
import,=20
  export, travel, remittances etc. These rates are calculated by the =
banks as=20
  per the guidelines issued by the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association =
of India=20
  (FEDAI). On the other hand inter-bank rates are the rates for =
transactions=20
  amongst the authorised dealers in foreign exchange. These rates depend =
on the=20
  market conditions. It is not in out of place to mention here that =
exchange=20
  rates are volatile and, therefore, you should make sincere efforts to =
choose=20
  appropriate time for tendering your export documents to the bank for=20
  purchase/negotiation. Therefore, plan your affairs in such a way that =
the=20
  documents are delivered to the bank when exchange rates are favorable =
enabling=20
  you to get more Indian rupees after conversion of foreign currency =
amount of=20
  the bill into Indian rupees. A distinction is also made between spot =
rates and=20
  forward rates. Spot rates are applicable on the day of transact p 7 3 =
tion ,=20
  i.e, the same day, whereas forward rates are the rates fixed in =
advance for a=20
  transaction which will mature at a specified date or during a =
specified period=20
  in future. Quotations for spot rates only are generally available and =
the=20
  customers have to enter into specific contracts for forward rates. =
Foreign=20
  exchange rates are always quoted as two way price i.e., a rate at =
which the=20
  bank is willing to buy foreign currency (buying rate) and a rate at =
which the=20
  bank sells foreign currency (selling rate). Banks do expect some =
profit in=20
  exchange operations and there is always some difference in buying and =
selling=20
  rates. However, the maximum spread available to banks is restricted in =
terms=20
  of ceiling imposed by Reserve Bank of India. All exchange rates by =
authorised=20
  dealers are quoted in terms of their capacity as buyer or seller. =
Different=20
  sets of exchange rates are applied for various types of foreign =
exchange=20
  transactions as under :=20
  <P><STRONG>TT Selling Rate:</STRONG> This rate is applied for all =
clean=20
  remittances outside India i.e., for selling foreign currency to its =
customer=20
  by the bank such as for issuance of bank drafts, mail/telegraphic =
transfers=20
  etc. Bill Selling Rate: This rate is applied for all foreign =
remittances=20
  outside India as proceeds of import bills payable in India. This rate =
is a=20
  little worse than TT selling rate.</P>
  <P><STRONG>TT Buying Rate:</STRONG> This rate is appled for purchase =
of=20
  foreign currency by banks where cover is already obtained by banks in =
India.=20
  Thus all foreign inward remittances which are made payable in India =
are=20
  converted by applying this rate. A mail transfer issued by a bank in =
Dubai for=20
  US $ 10,000 drawn on (say) Oriental Bank of Commerce in New York.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Bills Rate:</STRONG> This rate is applied for purchase of =
sight=20
  export bills which will result in foreign remittance to India after=20
  realisation. This rate is worsen than TT buying rate and, in addition, =

  interest will also be recovered by the bank for the period for which =
the bank=20
  is out of funds.</P></LI></OL></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D13></A><B>Forward Contracts =
</B><BR>Elimination of=20
exchange risk due to movement in the exchange rat can be avoided by the=20
following options:=20
<P></P>
<UL>
  <LI>By invoicing in Indian Rupees.=20
  <LI>By fixing the Foreign Exchange Contract. </LI></UL>
<P>First alternative is possible only when the buyer agrees to it. He =
may have=20
his own reasons for not agreeing to invoice in Indian rupees. The second =

alternative is commonly resorted to. This alternative involves booking =
of=20
forward exchange contract with your bank.</P>
<P>This means that pending submission of documents to the bank for=20
purchase/negotiation, you have made firm commitment with the bank under =
which=20
you agree to sell to the bank foreign exchange at a future date/period =
and the=20
bank agrees to purchase at the firm rate the foreign exchange to be =
tendered by=20
you on that date / during the agreed period.</P>
<P>Thus you are in a position to know in advance the exchange rate you =
are going=20
to get on submission of your export documents. Thus, though you have to =
pay some=20
charge for booking a forward contract, you are certain about the rupee =
amount of=20
the bill on conversion of foreign currency at a future date. For booking =
a=20
forward contract, you should approach your bank with whom you are =
enjoying a=20
credit limit.</P>
<P>The bank will book a forward contract only against a firm export =
order=20
showing description and quantity of the goods to be supplied, aggregate =
price=20
and approximate date of shipment. The bank can accept telex, cable =
order/fax in=20
this regard, provided you give an undertaking to produce the original =
one. Where=20
shipment has already been completed, forward contract will be booked on =
the=20
basis of export bill tendered by you. It can also be booked against an=20
irrevocable Letter of Credit provided L/C is complete in all respects =
and you=20
give a declaration to the bank that you have not booked any forward =
contract=20
against the underlying sale contract covering shipments under the =
L/C.You must=20
ensure delivery of the related documents within the agreed period of the =

contract. In case you fail to deliver the documents within the specified =
period,=20
the forward contract needs to be cancelled and fresh contract booked for =
which=20
your bank will levy cancellation charges as per the FEDAI Rules.</P>
<P>In case the documents are delivered before the stipulated period, it =
will=20
involve early delivery and bank will levy charges for the early =
delivery, as per=20
FEDAI Rules. Where the documents are not delivered at all, contract has =
to be=20
cancelled either at your request or by the bank itself under certain=20
circumstances, and this will entail cancellation charges as per the =
FEDAI=20
Rules.</P>
<P>It, therefore becomes extremely important that the period of delivery =
of the=20
export documents is carefully chosen and strictly adhered to, so as to =
avoid=20
unnecessary charges on account of early delivery or cancellation of =
forward=20
contracts. However, facility for substitution of export order is =
permitted by=20
RBI on specific request if the unfulfilled export order and the =
substituted=20
order is for the same commodity.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D14></A><B>Procuring/Manufacturing Goods =
for Export=20
&amp; their Inspection by Government Authorities </B>
<OL type=3DI>
  <LI><STRONG>Procuring / Manufacturing Goods</STRONG>=20
  <P>Once you are ready with the infrastructure for exporting goods and =
have=20
  obtained necessary finance, you should proceed to procure the goods =
for=20
  export. Procuring the goods should be done with extreme care and =
caution as to=20
  the quality and cost. However, procuring the raw materials etc. and=20
  manufacturing the goods for export will need extra efforts on your =
part. If=20
  you are an established exporter, you can have the facility of =
procuring raw=20
  materials under the Duty Exemption Scheme.</P>
  <P></P>
  <LI><STRONG>Compulsory Quality Control &amp; Preshipment =
Inspection</STRONG>=20
  <P>An important aspect about the goods to be exported is compulsory =
quality=20
  control and pre-shipment inspection. Under the Export(Quality Control =
and=20
  Inspection) Act, 1963, about 1000 commodities under the major groups =
of Food=20
  and Agriculture, Fishery, Minerals, Organic and Inorganic Chemicals, =
Rubber=20
  Products, Refractoriness, Ceramic Products, Pesticides, Light =
Engineering,=20
  Steel Products, Jute Products, Coir and Coir Products, Footwear and =
Footwear=20
  Products / Components are subject to compulsory pre-shipment =
inspection.</P>
  <P>At times, foreign buyers lay down their own standards / =
specifications=20
  which may or may not be in consonance with the Indian standards. They =
may also=20
  insist upon inspection by their own nominated agencies. These issues =
should be=20
  sorted out before confirmation of order. Specific provisions have also =
been=20
  made for compulsory inspection of textile goods.</P>
  <P>Products having ISI Certification mark or Agmark are not required =
to be=20
  inspected by any agency. These products do not fall within the purview =
of the=20
  export inspection agencies network. The Customs Authorities allow =
export of=20
  such goods even if not accompanied by any pre-shipment inspection =
certificate,=20
  provided they are otherwise satisfied that the goods carry ISI =
Certification=20
  or the Agmark.</P>
  <P>Depending upon the nature of products, goods meant for export are =
inspected=20
  for quality in the following manner: Consignment to Consignment =
Inspection=20
  Each individual consignment is inspected by the Export Inspection =
Agency,=20
  Commodity Board and certificate of inspection is issued. The =
application for=20
  inspection for goods has to be submitted well in advance before the =
expected=20
  date of shipment of the consignment. Inspection of the consignment is=20
  generally carried out either at the premises of the exporter, provided =

  adequate facilities exist therein for inspection, or at the port of =
shipment.=20
  The export inspection agency has a right to exercise supervision of =
inspected=20
  consignment(s) at any place or time.</P>
  <P>The application should be made in duplicate in the new prescribed =
form=20
  'Intimation for Inspection' as per standardised pre-shipment export =
documents=20
  to the nearest office of the respective Export Inspection Agency along =
with=20
  the following documents :</P>
  <P>Particulars of the consignment intended to be exported. A crossed=20
  cheque/draft for the amount of requisite inspection fees or an Indian =
Postal=20
  Order.</P>
  <P></P>
  <UL>
    <LI>Copy of the Commercial Invoice.=20
    <LI>Copy of letter of credit.=20
    <LI>Details of packing specifications.=20
    <LI>Copy of the export order/contract, indicating inter alia the =
buyer's=20
    requirement that goods are strictly according to the prescribed=20
    specifications, or as per samples etc. </LI></UL>
  <P>After satisfying itself that the consignment of exportable goods =
meets the=20
  requirements stipulated in the export contract/order, the inspection =
agency=20
  issues, generally within four days of receipt of intimation for =
inspection,=20
  the necessary certificate of inspection to the exporter in the =
prescribed=20
  proforma in five copies.</P>
  <P>The certificate is issued in the standardised form which is aligned =

  pre-shipment export document. (Three copies for exporter, original =
copy for=20
  customs use, the second copy for the use of the foreign buyer and the =
third=20
  copy for the exporter's use, fourth copy for Data Bank, Export =
Inspection=20
  Council, New Delhi and the fifth copy is retained with the agency for =
their=20
  own office record).</P>
  <P><STRONG>In-Process Quality Control (IPQC)</STRONG></P>
  <P>Certain products like chemicals or engineering goods are subject to =
this=20
  control. The inspection is done at various stages of production. The =
exporter=20
  has to get his unit registered as "Export Worthy" and keep record of=20
  processing and production. Inspection by the officers of Export =
Inspection=20
  Agency is done from time to time. The certification of inspection on =
the=20
  end-products is then given without in-depth study at the shipment =
stage. Under=20
  this system, export is allowed on the basis of adequacy of in-process =
quality=20
  control and inspection measures exercised by the manufacturing units=20
  themselves. The certificates of inspection in favor of the units =
approved=20
  under the scheme are issued by the Export Inspection Agencies (EIAs) =
in the=20
  normal course. However, these units are kept under surveillance by the =
EIAs=20
  and random spot checks of the consignments are carried out by them. =
Units=20
  approved under this system of in-process quality control may =
themselves issue=20
  the certificate of inspection, but only for the products for which =
they have=20
  been granted IPQC facilities. However, these units have the option =
either to=20
  get the certificate from the Export Inspection Agencies (EIAs) or =
issue the=20
  same themselves. Consequently, the manufacturer exporters of products =
approved=20
  under the IPQC have been recognised as an agency for pre-shipment =
inspection=20
  for export of engineering products for which they have been approved =
by the=20
  Export Inspection Agencies at Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Delhi and =
Madras.</P>
  <P><STRONG>Self Certification Scheme</STRONG></P>
  <P>Large manufacturers/exporters, export houses/tradingp 7 3 houses =
are=20
  allowed the facility of Self-Certification on the theory that the =
exporter=20
  himself is the best judge of the quality of his products and will not =
allow=20
  his reputation to be spoiled in the international market by =
compromising on=20
  quality. The industrial units having proven reputation and adequate =
testing=20
  facilities have to apply to the Director (Inspection and Quality =
Control),=20
  Export Inspection Council of India, 11th Floor, Pragati Tower, 26 =
Rajendra=20
  Place, New Delhi-110008. They are granted a certificate valid for a =
period of=20
  one year, allowing them self-certification facility. The facility is =
available=20
  to manufacturers of engineering products, chemical and allied products =
and=20
  marine products. During this period the exporter can issue a =
certificate=20
  signed by himself or by a person authorised by him. The certificate =
has to=20
  indicate the number and date of EIA's reference for registration under =

  Self-Certification Scheme. It has to be issued in the aligned format =
as per=20
  new standardised pre-shipment documents. The approval of an industrial =
unit=20
  under this scheme is notified in the Gazette of India and the exporter =
has to=20
  pay a lump sum fee to the export inspection agencies depending upon =
his export=20
  turnover.</P>
  <P>Minimum Quality Norms prescribed by the Export Inspection Council =
should be=20
  maintained and achieved for the grant of facility under =
Self-Certification=20
  Scheme.</P>
  <P></P>
  <LI><STRONG>ISO 9000</STRONG>=20
  <P>The discussion on quality control and preshipment inspection will =
be=20
  incomplete without saying a few words about ISO 9000.The ISO-9000 =
Series of=20
  Standards evolved by the International Standards Organisation has been =

  accepted worldwide as the norm assuring high quality of goods. The =
ISO-9000 is=20
  also the hallmark of a good quality- oriented system for suppliers and =

  manufacturers. It identifies the basic principles underlying quality, =
and=20
  specifies the procedures and criteria to be followed to ensure that =
what=20
  leaves the manufacturer / supplier's premises fully meets the =
customers=20
  requirements. The ISO-9000 series of standards are basically quality =
assurance=20
  standards and not product standards.ISO-9000 spells out how a company =
can=20
  establish, document and maintain an effective and economic quality =
control=20
  system which will demonstrate to the customer that the company is =
committed to=20
  quality. The series of Standards aims the following:</P>
  <P></P>
  <UL>
    <LI>Increased customer confidence in the company=20
    <LI>Shift from a system of inspection, to one of quality management=20
    <LI>Removing the need for multiple assessments of suppliers=20
    <LI>Gaining management commitment=20
    <LI>Linking quality to cost-effectiveness=20
    <LI>Giving customers what they need </LI></UL>
  <P>The implementation of ISO-9000 Standards involves:</P>
  <P></P>
  <UL>
    <LI>Management education=20
    <LI>Writing quality policy=20
    <LI>Nominating a quality representative=20
    <LI>Identifying responsibilities=20
    <LI>Identifying business processes=20
    <LI>Writing a quality manual=20
    <LI>Writing procedures=20
    <LI>Writing work instructions </LI></UL>
  <P>It is thus clear that the ISO-9000 series of standards constitute =
of=20
  concept of Total Quality Management (TQM).</P></LI></OL></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D15></A><B>Labeling, Packaging, Packing =
and Marking=20
Goods </B><BR>An important stage after manufacturing of goods or their=20
procurement is their preparation for shipment. This involves labeling,=20
packaging, packing and marking of export consignments. Labeling =
requirements=20
differ from country to country and the same should be ascertained well =
in=20
advance from the buyer. The label should indicate quality, quantity, =
method of=20
use etc. Special international care labels have been specified for the =
textile=20
items by GINITEX, and the same should be scrupulously adhered to. =
Packaging=20
fulfills a vital role in helping to get your export products to the =
market in=20
top condition, as well as in presenting your goods to the overseas buyer =
in an=20
attractive way. While packaging, quality should not be compromised =
merely to cut=20
down costs, packaging should also be in conformity with the instructions =
issued=20
by the importer. Packing refers to the external containers used for=20
transportation . The shape of packing cases play a very important role =
in=20
packing the cargo, and the nature of packing material to be used will =
depend=20
upon the items exported As regard specification for the size, weight and =

strength care must be taken to ensure that the weight of standard case =
does not=20
exceed 50 Kg. for easy handling of the cargo. Before packing and sealing =
the=20
goods, it should be ensured that all the contents are properly placed in =
the=20
case and the list of contents of packing notes should be prepared so =
that the=20
buyer, the Customs authorities and the Insurance authorities can easily =
check=20
the contents of each and every case.=20
<P>The consolidated statement of contents for a number of case is called =
the=20
Packing List, which should be prepared in the prescribed standardised=20
format.</P>
<P>Marking means to mark the address, number of packages etc. on the =
packets. It=20
is essential for identification purpose and should provide information =
on=20
exporters' mark, port of destination, place of destination, order number =
and=20
date, gross, net and tare weight and handling instructions. It should =
also be=20
ensured that while putting marks, the law of buyer's country is duly =
compiled=20
with.</P>
<P>All shipping cases should be marked a number with special symbols =
selected by=20
the exporters or the importers, so that the competitors cannot find out =
the=20
details of the customers and the country of destination or supplier's =
country of=20
despatch. Care should also be taken to ensure that the marking conforms =
to those=20
written in the invoice, insurance certificate, bill of lading and other=20
documents. The International Cargo Handling Co-ordination, Association =
has set=20
out for the use of exporters a number of recommendations for the marking =
of=20
goods carried by ocean-going vessels. They are equally useful for =
sending goods=20
by other modes of transportation.</P>
<P><STRONG>Suggestions:</STRONG></P>
<P>The marks should appear in certain order. Essential data should be =
placed in=20
oblong frames with lines 1.5 centimeters thick, and subsidiary =
information=20
should be placed in another type of frame.</P>
<P>Declaration on large packages should be placed on two continuous =
sides, and=20
for consignments bound together on a pallet, also on the top.</P>
<P>Handling instructions should be placed on all four sides. Similar =
packages,=20
such as goods in sacks, should be marked on two opposite sides.</P>
<P>Lettering should be at least 7.5 centimeters high for essential data, =
and at=20
least 3.5 centimeters for subsidiary data. If the package is too small =
for such=20
letter, other sizes may be used, but in the same ratio. The sizes of the =
symbols=20
should also be in proportion to the size of the package and of the other =

markings.</P>
<P>Only fast dyes should be used for lettering. Essential data should be =
in=20
black and subsidiary data in a less conspicuous colour; red and orange =
lettering=20
should be reversed for dangerous goods only. For food packed in sacks, =
only=20
harmless dyes should be employed, and the dye should not come through =
the=20
packing in such a way as to affect the goods.</P>
<P>Stick-on labels should only be used on individual package or parcel =
and all=20
old labels should be removed. Marking should be made by stencil or by =
branding=20
or by pencil or brush without a stencil. If stencils are used, care =
should be=20
taken that the letters and figures are perfectly legible to prevent =
confusion.=20
This is especially true of the letters and figures --- B.R.P, O, =
G-G-D-C, H.N;=20
3-8 : 6-9 and 1-7.</P>
<P>The surface to be marked should be smooth and clean. If packages are =
to be=20
bonded, they can be marked before this is done; the hoops should not =
however,=20
cover the markings.</P>
<P>The figure should indicate the total number of packages making up the =

consignment and the consecutive number of the individual package. For =
example=20
:1520/15/1 identifies the first package of a total number of 15 packets =
and=20
1520/15/15 the last one.</P>
<P>The name of the ship and the bill of lading number should be shown =
when this=20
is possible. Handling instructions must appear in the language of the =
exporter=20
and importer, and also, if possible, in the language of the countries =
where=20
goods are to be handled en route or trans shipped.</P></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dbodytext><A name=3D16></A><B>New Excise Procedure =
</B><BR>All excisable=20
goods exported out of India are exempt from payment of Central Excise =
Duties,=20
for which two different procedures have been approved=20
<P>Rebate of Duty on Goods Export Procedure</P>
<P>Under the first procedure, known as 'Rebate of duty on Goods Export. =
The=20
manufacturer has first to pay the excise duty on goods meant for export =
and then=20
claim refund of the same after exportation of such goods to countries =
except=20
Nepal and Bhutan. This is done under Rule 12 of Central Excise Rules. =
Under this=20
rule, rebate of duty is granted for the finished stage as well as input =
stage.=20
Rebate of duty in respect of the excisable materials used in the =
manufacture of=20
the exported goods shall not be allowed if the exporter avails of the =
drawback=20
allowed under the Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995 =
or=20
Modvat. The following procedure should be followed while exporting under =
the=20
rebate of duty. Removal of goods under claim of rebate from a factory or =

warehouse without examination by the Central Excise Officers. The =
exporters are=20
allowed to remove the goods for export on their own without getting the =
goods=20
examined by the Central Excise Officers. Form AR4 in such cases should =
be=20
prepared in sixtuplicate, giving all particulars and declarations. The =
exporter=20
shall deliver triplicate, and quadruplicate, quintuplicateand =
sixtuplicate=20
copies of AR4 to the Superintendent of Central Excise having =
jurisdiction over=20
the factory or the warehouse, within 24 hours of the removal of the =
consignment=20
and would retain the original and duplicate copies for presenting along =
with the=20
consignment to the Customs Officer at the point of export. The =
jurisdictional=20
superintendent of Central Excise examines the information contained in =
AR4 and=20
verifies the facts of payment of duty and other =
certificates/declarations made=20
by the exporter. After he is satisfied that the information contained in =
the AR4=20
is true, he signs at appropriate places in the four copies of AR4 =
submitted to=20
him and plus his stamp with his name and designation below his =
signature. He=20
would then dispose of the triplicate, quadruplicate, quintuplicate and=20
sixtuplicate copies of AR4 as under:-</P>
<P></P>
<OL type=3Di>
  <LI><STRONG>Triplicate:</STRONG> To there bate sanctioning authority =
viz.=20
  Maritime Commissioner of Central Excise or the assistant commissioner =
of=20
  Central Excise declared by the exporter on the AR4. This copy on the =
request=20
  of exporter may be sealed and handed over to the exporter / his =
authorized=20
  agent for presenting to the rebate sanctioning authority.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI><STRONG>Quadruplicate:</STRONG> To the Chief Accounts Officer in =
the=20
  Commissionerate Headquarters.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI><STRONG>Quintuplicate:</STRONG> Office copy to be retained by the =
Central=20
  Excise Officer.=20
  <P></P>
  <LI><STRONG>Sixtuplicate:</STRONG> To be given to the exporter. =
</LI></OL>
<P>Procedure for exports under Central Excise Seal Where the exporter =
desires=20
the sealing of the goods by the Central Excise Officers so that the =
export goods=20
may not be examined by the Customs Officers at the Port/Airport of =
shipment, he=20
should present an AR4 application in sixtuplicate to the Superintendent =
of=20
Central Excise having jurisdiction over the factory/warehouse at least =
24 hours=20
before the intended removal of the export goods from the =
factory/warehouse. The=20
Superintendent of Central Excise may depute an Inspector of Central =
Excise or=20
may himself go for sealing and examination of the export consignment. =
Where the=20
AR4 indicates that the export is in discharge of an export obligation =
under a=20
Quantity-based advance License or a Value-based Advance License issued =
under the=20
Duty Exemption Scheme, in such cases the consignment is invariably =
examined and=20
sealed by the Superintendent of Central Excise himself. The Central =
Excise=20
Officer examining the consignment would draw samples wherever necessary =
in=20
triplicate. He would hand over two sets of samples, duly sealed, to the =
exporter=20
or his authorized agent, for delivering to the Customs Officers at the =
point of=20
export. He would retain the third set for his records. The export =
consignment is=20
carefully examined vis-`-vis the description of goods, their value and =
other=20
particulars/declarations on the AR4. The Central Excise Officer verifies =
the=20
facts of payment of duty and other certificates/declarations made by the =

exporter. After he is satisfied that the information contained in the =
AR4 is=20
true he would allow the clearances and also sign all the six copies of =
the AR4=20
at appropriate places and put his stamp with his name and designation =
below his=20
signature. The copies of AR4 are disposed of as under:</P>
<P><STRONG>Original and Duplicate:</STRONG> To the exporter for =
presenting to=20
Customs Officer at the point of export along with the export =
consignment.</P>
<P><STRONG>Triplicate:</STRONG> To the rebate sanctioning authority i.e. =

Maritime Commissioner of Central Excise or the jurisdictional Assistant=20
Commissioner of Central Excise, as declared by the exporter on the AR4. =
The=20
Central Excise officer may handover this copy under the sealed cover on=20
exporter's request.</P>
<P><STRONG>Quadruplicate:</STRONG> To the Chief Accounts Officer at his=20
Commissionerate Headquarters.</P>
<P><STRONG>Quintuplicate:</STRONG> To be retained for records.</P>
<P><STRONG>Export under Bond Procedure</STRONG></P>
<P>Under the second procedure known as "Exports Under Bond" goods can be =

exported out of India except to Nepal or Bhutan without prior payment of =
duty=20
subject to the execution of the Bond with security / security for a sum=20
equivalent to the duty chargeable on the goods to be exported. This is =
done=20
under Rule 13 of Central Excise Rules which deals with export of goods =
in Bond=20
as well as utilisation of raw materials etc. without payment of duty for =

manufacture and export of excisable goods. The following procedure has =
been=20
prescribed in this regard.</P></DIV>
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