The judgment of the court was delivered by

B. P. JEEVAN REDDY J.---Clause (b) of section 40 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, specifies one of the amounts which shall not be deducted in computing the income chargeable under the head " Profits and gains of business or profession ". As it stood at the relevant time, it read thus :

" 40. Amounts not deductible.---Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in sections 30 to 39, the following amounts shall not be deducted in computing the income chargeable under the head 'Profits and gains of business or profession',---...

(b) in the case of any firm, any payment of interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration made by the firm to any partner of the firm;

Explanation 1.---Where interest is paid by a firm to any partner of the firm who has also paid interest to the firm, the amount of interest to be disallowed under this clause shall be limited to the amount by which the payment of interest by the firm to the partner exceeds the payment of interest by the partner to the firm.

Explanation 2.---Where an individual is a partner in a firm on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person (such partner and the other person being hereinafter referred to as 'partner in a representative capacity' and 'person so represented' respectively),---

(i) interest paid by the firm to such individual or by such individual to the firm otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause;

(ii) interest paid by the firm to such individual or by such individual to the firm as partner in a representative capacity and interest paid by the firm to the person so represented or by the person so represented to the firm, shall be taken into account for the purposes of this clause.

Explanation 3.---Where an individual is a partner in a firm otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, interest paid by the firm to such individual shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause, if such interest is received by him on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person. "

The first and main question arising herein is whether interest paid to a partner on the amounts deposited by him in his individual capacity is hit by clause (b) where the partner is a partner not in his individual capacity but as representing a Hindu undivided family (HUF). The question which was referred by the Tribunal for the opinion of the High Court in this behalf read (see [1979] 117 ITR 121, 122) :

" Whether the Tribunal was correct in allowing the assessee's claim for interest paid on the credit balance in the individual account of Sri Rajendra Kumar? "

The assessee, Brij Mohan Das Laxman Das, is a registered partnership firm having three partners. One of them is Rajendra Kumar. He was a partner as the karta of and representing his Hindu undivided family. The partnership firm maintained two accounts in the name of Rajendra Kumar, a capital account and a deposit account. The share of profit of Rajendra Kumar was credited to the capital account, while the interest paid to him on the deposits made by him was credited to his deposit account. In other words, the deposits were said to have been made by Rajendra Kumar in his individual capacity and, accordingly, interest was paid to him in his individual capacity. Rajendra Kumar was assessed in the status of individual and also in the status of Hindu undivided family. For the assessment year 1974-75, the Income-tax Officer called upon the assessee herein to show cause why the interest amount in a sum of Rs. 7,923 paid to Rajendra Kumar be not added back to the income of the partnership firm since it was a payment made to a partner. The appellant-assessee contended that since the amount was paid to Rajendra Kumar in his individual capacity and not in his capacity as a partner, the said payment cannot be disallowed under clause (b) of section 40. This plea was rejected by the Income-tax Officer and his view was affirmed in appeal by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. On further appeal, however, the Tribunal agreed with the assessee and deleted the said addition.

On a reference, the High Court held, following its earlier decision in CIT v. London Machinery Co. [1979] 117 ITR 111 (All), that the amount was rightly disallowed by the Income-tax Officer and that the Tribunal was not right in allowing the assessee's appeal. The High Court has, however, certified the case under section 261 of the Act.

It may be mentioned that Explanations 1, 2 and 3 to the above clause were added by the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 1984, with effect from April 1, 1985. Explanation 2 expressly provides that where an individual is a partner in a firm on behalf of or for the benefit of any other person, any interest paid by the firm to such individual otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of clause (b). It is, therefore, clear that with effect from April 1, 1985, the question of the nature involved herein would not arise. Where a person is a partner in a representative capacity, i.e., as representing a Hindu undivided family, any interest paid to him in his individual capacity will not be hit by clause (b). The only question is what is the position earlier to April 1, 1985---which is the case here. Prior to the introduction of the said Explanation, there was a conflict of opinion among the several High Courts in the country, the majority of the High Courts taking the view in favour of the assessee and a few High Courts taking the contrary view. There was no decision of the Supreme Court on this question. The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act which introduced the said Explanation does not say that the said Explanation shall have effect retrospectively. The question is whether the said Explanation is merely declaratory and clarificatory in nature, in which case it will govern the previous assessment years as well or whether it is a substantive provision having effect only prospectively.

In Gajanand Poonam Chand and Bros. v. CIT [1988] 174 ITR 346, the Rajasthan High Court has taken the view that the said Explanation is merely declaratory in nature and that, therefore, even for the assessment years prior to April 1, 1985, the position of law should be understood to be the same. In support of this proposition, the High Court relied upon the fact that ordinarily the purpose of an Explanation is to clarify that which is already enacted and not to introduce something new. The High Court opined that the Explanation was inserted by Parliament with a view to settle the controversy as to the meaning and effect of the said clause among the several High Courts and that the Explanation puts a seal of approval on the view taken by the majority of the High Courts. The High Court also referred to the definition of " person " in clause (31) of section 2. It pointed out that the definition shows clearly that an individual, a Hindu undivided family and a firm are distinct persons/entities for the purpose of the Income-tax Act. The High Court, therefore, concluded that since an individual and a Hindu undivided family are two distinct entities for the purpose of the Act, clause (b) of section 40 has no application where the interest is paid to the partner on deposits made by him with the firm in his individual capacity where such person is a partner not in his individual capacity but as representing a Hindu undivided family. Sri G. C. Sharma, learned counsel for the appellant-assessee, strongly relies upon this decision and commends it for our acceptance. Learned counsel points out that even before the enactment of the Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, 1984 (which inserted Explanation 2 aforesaid), a majority of the High Courts in the country had taken the same view though a few High Courts have no doubt taken a contrary view. Looked at from any angle, Sri Sharma says, the issue must be answered in favour of the assessee.

Clause (b) of section 40 is based upon and is a recognition of the basic nature of the relationship between a firm and its partner. In CIT v. R. M. Chidambaram Pillai [1977] 106 ITR 292, this court observed :

" Here the first thing that we must grasp is that a firm is not a legal person even though it has some attributes of personality. Partnership is a certain relation between persons, the product of agreement to share the profits of a business. 'Firm' is a collective noun, a compendious expression to designate an entity, not a person. In income-tax law, a firm is a unit of assessment, by special provisions, but is not a full person which leads to the next step that since a contract of employment requires two distinct persons, viz., the employer and the employee, there cannot be a contract of service, in strict law, between a firm and one of its partners. So that any agreement for remuneration of a partner for taking part in the conduct of the business must be regarded as a portion of the profits being made over as a reward for the human capital brought in. Section 13 of the Partnership Act brings into focus this basis of partnership business. "

This court also quoted with approval the passage from Lindley on the Law of Partnership to the effect : " In point of law, a partner may be the debtor or the creditor of his co-partners, but he cannot be either debtor or creditor of the firm of which he is himself a member, nor can he be employed by his firm, for, a man cannot be his own employer ". The provisions in Chapters III and IV of the Partnership Act amply define and delineate the duties, obligations and rights of the partners vis-a-vis the firm. The question yet remains where an individual is a partner in one capacity, e.g., as a representative of another person, can he have no other capacity vis-a-vis the firm. To be more precise, does the above position of law preclude an individual, who is a partner representing a Hindu undivided family, from depositing his personal funds with the partnership and receiving interest thereon? Explanation 2 says in clear terms that there is no such bar. This is the legislative recognition of the theory of different capacities an individual may hold---no doubt confined to clause (b) of section 40. Once this is so, we see no reason to hold that this theory of different capacities is not valid or available for the period anterior to April 1, 1985. Accordingly, we hold that even for the period anterior to April 1, 1985, any interest paid to a partner, who is a partner representing his Hindu undivided family, on the deposit of his personal/individual funds, does not fall within the mischief of clause (b) of section 40. In this view of the matter, we agree with the view taken by the Rajasthan High Court in Gajanand Poonam Chand and Bros.' case [1988] 174 ITR 346 that Explanation 2, in the context of clause (b) of section 40, is declaratory in nature. Accordingly, we allow this appeal, set aside the judgment of the High Court and answer the question referred under section 256 in the affirmative, i.e., in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue.